激勵：獎懲有效嗎？

Excitation: Are Rewards and Punishments Effective?

經濟學主張人們在「趨利避害」的「自利心」驅使下，進行抉擇，進而影響市場的經濟活動。此等「經濟誘因」和行為心理學所謂的「紅蘿蔔與棍棒」（carrot and stick）的獎懲方式異曲同工，普為企業、家庭、教育與個人所重視。但晚近，經濟學家的計量研究或者是行為心理學家的實驗結果，外在物質的獎懲效果，扭曲初衷，結果不如預期，長期甚至減緩；反之，訴之於內在的動機因給予自主性，可激發自我實現與潛能。習慣領域學說的光明心態標標清明、全力知行、全責主人、使命樂園，可激起內在動機；心流理論指出，因全神貫注、目標明確、立即回饋等而產生內心愉悅酬賞，此等心流狀態或活動過程本身會產生內在的驅動力或激勵，並可長久持續。要之，個人目標的完成，團體士氣的凝聚，企業文化或共識的形成，國家的榮辱與共與民心向背，內在動機的引發即是長遠的關鍵策略與方法。

Economics says that people are driven by the “self-interest”: people tend to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages when making choices. The “self-interest” in turn influences the economic activities of the market. Thus rewards and punishments, or so-called “economic incentives” that are similar to what behavioral psychologists call “carrot and stick”, are generally valued by businesses, families, education, and individuals. However, some econometric studies by economists or experimental results by behavioral psychologists both show that the reward and punishment effects of external substances distort the original intention, which is the unexpected results, and the effects will gradually decrease in a long term. On the contrary, appealing to the intrinsic motivation can stimulate self-realization and potential due to autonomy. According to the bright faith of the habitual domains—clear life goal, full knowledge and action , full responsibility for the master, mission paradise, etc., can help stimulate intrinsic motivation. The mental flow theory also points out that the reward of inner pleasure is generated due to full concentration, clear goals, and immediate feedback. Such a flow state or an activity process itself will produce an internal driving force and incentive, and it can last for a long time. In short, the initiation of intrinsic motivation is the key long-term strategies and methods for the accomplishment of personal goals, the consolidation of group morale, the formation of corporate culture or consensus, the nation’s honor and disgrace and the common support of the people.