J. Maritain藝術創作理論中的前意識形象與藝術教育

Images in Pre-consciousness Based on J. Maritain’s Theory of Artistic Creation and Art Education

本文以J. Maritain藝術創作理論中所涉及的前意識形象為焦點，探索一種在前意識中運作的理智直覺（即創造性直覺）如何與藝術家主體之諸能力彼此和諧運作，並掌握以形象方式呈現自身之「詩的知識」。在理論研究方面，本文首先論述Maritain藝術哲學中一種出現在「前意識」中的形象概念，並說明在何種意義上前意識中的形象（即「詩的知識」）可以被稱之為藝術家的創作靈感，再進一步指出形成詩的知識所涉及的主體能力與形象的三種可能形式。在藝術教育方面（尤指創作教學），Maritain的前意識形象能夠起到開創性和建設性作用：首先，前意識形象提供了一種關於靈感來源的假設，此假設可輔以當代兒童創作心理學的研究來予以分析；其次，前意識的概念暗含了主體與環境、文化的互動，在後現代思潮及多元文化進入到我們生活世界的現況下，前意識的形象成為了主體對於世界體驗之最直接、統一的初步回應，而此體驗將成為其作品中最珍貴的意義和價值；最後，在創作教學的執行上，創作者訴諸直覺和本能的塗鴉表達練習、後現代之自由冥想，以及和多元文化材料與情境的接觸等，皆有助於創作者在作品中呈現其前意識形象的能力，並使作品的表達兼具創作主體的深度，以及其對世界之獨特、新穎且深刻的洞察。

This paper aims to investigate images in the pre-conscious of the artist based on Jacques Maritain’s theory of artistic creation. As images emerged in the artist’s pre-conscious, which were grasped by the artist’s creative intuition (intuition of the intellect), “poetic knowledge” becomes the precious resource that the artist endeavors to express in artworks. Concerning Maritain’s theory, the paper focuses on first illustrating and elucidating the concept of “images in the pre-conscious,” and then analyzing in which sense “images in the pre-conscious” can be regarded as creative inspiration for the artist’s works. Three possible types of images from three different levels were found, as well as the involved human powers/capacities when forming images in the preconscious of the artist. Concerning the field of art education, this paper reveals the constructive and innovative elements of Maritain’s artistic theory when adopted in the teaching of art creation. Firstly, the concept “images in the pre-conscious” provides a valuable hypothesis for artistic creation which is tied to the spring of artistic inspiration. This hypothesis will be attested in research through creative psychology of children. Secondly, “images in the pre-conscious” implies the idea of combining subject, environment, and culture. “Images in the pre-conscious” is the most direct and unified initial response, which is the result of the artist’s reaction towards the world. This unique experience (grasped as images in the preconscious) will in turn become precious meaning in the artist’s works. Lastly, in the teaching of artistic creation, scribbling based on the subject’s intuition and instinct, free contemplation emphasized by postmodernism, and constant contact with multicultural content as stimuli for imagination, may all guide the creative subject to better grasp the “poetic knowledge” in the pre-conscious. The work, as a presentation of this knowledge, is able to reveal the unique and profound insights that the subject perceives concerning the world.