美洲國家組織推動拉丁美洲民主化之作為：以秘魯觀選團為例

The OAS' Promotion and Consolidation of Democracy in the Latin America: The Case of the Electoral Observation Mission in Peru

根據一九八八年卡塔赫納議定書的生效，美洲國家組織將在尊重不干涉原則的情況下，促進和鞏固代議民主。一九八九年美洲國家組織大會在美國華盛頓召開的年會，建議祕書長應行接受會員國的邀請，組織選舉觀察團至會員國觀選。一九九○年在烏拉圭亞松森召開的美洲國家組織大會則進一步要求祕書長設置民主振興單位，以迅速有效回應會員國在強政治體制和民主過程中的要求。民主振興單位，以迅速有效回應會員國在強化政治體制和民主過程中的要求。民主振興單位成立後迄千禧年為止，分別在海地（1991）、秘魯（1992）、瓜地馬拉（1993）、巴拉圭（1996）適用集體外交行動，以防止西半球國家的代議民主中挫，其中又以秘魯的個案最具參考價值。藤森在位期間是美洲國家組織大力倡導和鞏固代議民主概念的主要時期，然而藤森的作法卻與民主振興單位的發展理念相去甚遠。美洲國家組織從藤森自我政變後的歷次中央與地方選舉，皆派出陣容龐大的選舉觀察團前往秘魯觀選，以防阻藤森政府可能侵蝕美洲國家組織在九○年代倡導代議民主的目標。然而美洲國家組織最後不肯為秘魯的選舉結果背書，終使藤森在無法應付內外交迫的嚴峻情勢下去職。

According to the Protocol of Cartagena de Indias that took effect in 1988, the Organization of American States (OAS) would promote representative democracy under the principle of non-intervention. The OAS General Assembly held in Washington in 1989 requested the General Secretary to accept the invitation of the member states to form electoral observation missions. The OAS General Assembly held in Asuncion in 1990, in order to react effectively to the need of the members that are under the process of consolidation of political institutions and democratization, further requested the General Secretary to establish the Unit for Promotion of Democracy. Since the establishment of this unit until the year 2000, the OAS has applied this function respectively in Haiti (1991), Peru (1992), Guatemala (1993), and Paraguay (1996). The case of Peru has been the most outstanding. During President Fujimori's administration, the OAS was pushing the concept of representative democracy. Nevertheless, the situation in Peru was far from meeting the goals of the Unit for Promotion of Democracy. After the Fujimori's coup in 1992, the OAS began to observe both regional and general elections in Peru through the electoral observation missions. The purpose was to prevent the possible harm that the Fujimori administration could cause to the representative democracy in America. Finally, the reluctance of OAS to endorse the presidential election of 2000 in Peru forced Fujimori to resign.