住宅之無障礙法令演變歷程及設計規範內容比較：以美國公平住宅可及性準則與臺灣無障礙住宅設計基準為例

Comparison of the Evolution Process and Design Specifications of Housing Accessibility Acts: Fair Housing Accessibility Guidelines of USA and Design Specifications of Accessible Housing of ROC

為保障身心障礙者權益及因應臺灣人口高齡化的發展趨勢，本研究進行住宅之無障礙法令演變歷程及設計規範內容之分析，以美國「公平住宅法」、「公平住宅可及性準則」、臺灣「住宅法」、「無障礙住宅設計基準」及相關法規之研究為主，最後提出臺灣未來法令修正之建議。研究發現：1.美國「公平住宅法」重視人權價值，法令標準彈性，政府對法令給予強制保障，臺灣現行將住宅之無障礙法令分成獎勵及強制規定，獎勵部份是由「住宅法」授權訂定「無障礙住宅設計基準及獎勵辦法」，強制部分是由「建築物無障礙設施設計規範」管制住宅共用部分，臺灣住宅與公共建築物之無障礙設施設備設置沒有完全分離，此是美國與臺灣法令最大差別。2.在設計準則特色上，美國「公平住宅可及性準則」針對牆壁補強及浴室設施設置等內容具彈性規定，與臺灣的設計準則規定不同。本研究透過上述研究提出修正臺灣「無障礙住宅設計基準」內容。3.臺灣高齡社會已來臨，預估2026年超高齡社會將到臨，建議短期應儘速修正「無障礙住宅設計基準」，長期應考量將「建築物無障礙設施設計規範」中有關住宅無障礙設施設備之相關規定，整合統一納入「住宅法」體系。

In order to protect the rights and interests of people with disabilities and the development trend of Taiwan’s aging population, this study compares the evolution of residential accessibility laws and design specifications, and analyzes the Fair Housing Accessibility Guidelines of USA and Design Specifications of Accessible Housing of ROC. The conclusions are as follows: 1. The Fair Housing Act features the importance of human rights, and the standards of the law are flexible. The Department of Housing and Urban Development will impose mandatory protection on the law. This is the biggest difference between Taiwan’s current housing accessibility laws. The Housing Accessibility Act in Taiwan evolved later than foreign countries. Due to different national conditions and limited by policy path, the current feature is to divide the Housing Accessibility Act into incentives and mandatory requirements. The rewards are determined by the ＂Housing Act＂. Taiwan’s residential and public buildings barrier-free facilities and equipment settings are not completely separated. 2. In terms of design criteria, the US Fair Housing Act Accessibility Guidelines differ from Taiwan in that it is tailored to wall reinforcement and bathroom facilities. This is related to the structural characteristics of residential buildings in the United States. This study proposes amendments through the above studies to Taiwan’s ＂Design Specifications for Accessible Housing＂. 3. Taiwan’s aged society have arrived. It is estimated that the super-aged society will arrive in 2026. It is recommended that the ＂Design Specifications of Accessible Housing＂ should be revised as soon as possible in the short term. The long-term consideration should be given to the ＂Design Specifications of Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities＂. The relevant regulations of the equipment are integrated into the ＂Housing Act＂ system.