易代歷史書寫與明中葉蘇州張士誠記憶之復歸

Writing about Dynastic Change and the Return of Memories of Zhang Shicheng in Suzhou in the Late Fifteenth Century

蘇州在元末是張士誠最重要的根據地，元明易代致使蘇州在十數年間歷經兩次實質統治者的改變：先是自元朝而張士誠，再是自張士誠而朱元璋。因此，蘇州人民如何理解張士誠必然與他們如何看待另外兩個統治者有連動關係。本文首先辨析關於元明易代的兩種官方書寫範式，進而探討蘇州士人的相關著作與官方範式間的複雜關係。本文論證明代中期蘇州士人引傳聞入文字的書寫行動，乃是召喚口語中流傳的張士誠記憶，藉以表達與官方範式針鋒相對的態度，更有質疑此一範式以王者風範描述朱元璋的寓意，和對當時狀況提出批評的用意。

As a stronghold of Zhang Shicheng (1321-67), one of the competitors during the Yuan-Ming dynastic transition, Suzhou witnessed the conflicts between Zhang and the Yuan government and between Zhang and Zhu Yuanzhang (1328-98), who then founded the Ming dynasty. Suzhou people thus had first-hand experiences of this dynastic transition and heard about these experiences through legends that locally circulated and were spread orally over generations. Suzhou literati started to write about these experiences in the late fifteenth century. This paper argues that when they did so, they were aware of the differences in descriptions, interpretations, and understandings of this dynastic transition between the local legends of Zhang Shicheng and the established official historical narratives of the Yuan dynasty and those of the founder Zhu Yuanzhang, which had gained currency among most literati. This paper also demonstrates that while some Suzhou literati followed the official historiographical accounts, a number of Suzhou literati inserted some legends into their works as a way to express their dissent with some Ming policies and their criticism of the image of Zhu Yuanzhang as a benevolent ruler.