印尼「班查西拉」意識形態的理論與實踐

Indonesia's Pancasila Ideology: Theory and Practice

印尼「班查西拉」Pancasila建國五項原則係由已故蘇卡諾總統於一九四五年六月一日首次提出，迄今已成為全體印尼人民所遵奉的建國大方針。「班查西拉」的哲學思想雖然深受中國孫中山先生三民主義及西方政治哲學的影響，然而它的精神和精義主要起源自印尼爪哇人固有的文化傳統和思想。「班查西拉」不僅反映了印尼多元族群、多元文化、及多元宗教的現實環境，它更使得印尼免於因多元化而隨時面臨國家分裂的危機。「班查西拉」包涵了信奉萬能的神、民族主義、人道主義、民權主義、以及社會正義五大建國原則，它並已成為印尼國家神聖不可侵犯的治國宗旨。然而，印尼獨立五十年來顯示，「班查西拉」往往因為深受領導人的作風、內部政治抗、社會與經濟動盪等因素，使得它的理論與實踐始終未能貫徹。蘇哈托新秩序政府矯正了蘇卡諾時期實行「班查西拉」的一些偏差，強調必須回歸到「班查西拉」的原本宗旨。然而，「班查西拉」的漸形僵化，以及它是否能更因應及適應印尼現代化所帶來的多元化新價值觀，實為它今後面臨的一大挑戰。

The Indonesian Pancasila ideology, which was first introduced by President Sukarno in 1945, is a unique political philosophy originating from the Indonesian historical and cultural traditions. It provides the fundamental principles and guidelines for nation-building and political, social, and economic developments based on the five cardinal concepts of belief in one Almighty God, nationalism, humanitarianism, social justice, and democracy.Pancasila not only reflects the ethnic, cultural, religious, and social pluralism of Indonesia, it has also become a unifying force which has prevented national division because of national diversity.The implementation of Pancasila, however, has often been affected by leadership style, domestic political changes, and soci-economic instability. One of the greatest challenges of Pancasila is whether it can adapt itself to greater political, social, and economic pluralism arising from modernization in Indonesia.