中國大陸村民宅基地資格權的法律實現

On the Legal Realization of the Right of Villagers’ Homestead Qualification

宅基地資格權是在農村土地「三權分置」改革思路下提出的一個新概念，是農村集體成員資格權在宅基地領域的具體化，具有身分性、財產性和保障性的特質；同時，因為宅基地是重要的生活資料，宅基地資格權兼有成員權、生存權和私權的多種屬性。雖然權利的來源和性質不盡相同，但宅基地上的「三權」都具有物權性。宅基地資格權從集體土地所有權中分離出來，又將集體土地上的所有權與使用權連接起來，形成「同宗共祖、一脈相承」的權利梯度格局。三者之間相互獨立又緊密聯繫，共同為實現土地集體所有制不動搖、農民利益不減損、土地利用不低效而發揮作用。為推動宅基地「三權分置」改革順利進行，宅基地資格權的權能應包括請求分配權、使用權、管理權、受益權及處分權等幾個方面的內容。

The right of homestead qualification is a new concept proposed under the “three-right separation” reform in rural land. It is the embodiment of the rural collective membership right in the homestead field, which has the characteristics of identity, property and guarantee, meanwhile, because homestead is an important subsistence material, the homestead qualification right has many kinds of attributes, such as membership right, existence right and private right. Although the source and nature of the rights are not the same, but the “three rights” on the homestead have property rights. The right of homestead qualification is separated from the collective land ownership, and the ownership and use right of the collective land are connected to form the gradient pattern of “the same ancestors and the same clan”. The three are independent and closely related, and work together to realize the land collective ownership unshaken, farmers’ interests undiminished, land use efficient. In order to promote the reform of the “three-right allocation” of homestead, the right of homestead qualification should include rights as the rights of claim, the right to use, the right to manage, the right to benefit and the right to dispose.