以內容分析法系統回顧2003-2017臺灣休閒潛水研究

A content analytical systematic review on SCUBA diving studies in Taiwan,2003-2017

緒論：本研究的目的是呈現國內休閒潛水研究的概況，發現學者們關切的學術議題，並針對未來研究提出建議。方法：研究者以內容分析法系統性回顧過去15年131篇國內休閒潛水實徵研究，以2位編碼者採系統編碼的方式分析文獻。結果：相關研究篇數自2003年起逐漸上升，但在2013年後有逐漸下降的趨勢；研究發表以學位論文為主，以量化取向為大宗，研究者偏好以問卷及量表為工具從事調查與相關研究。性別、年齡、教育程度、職業、所得、潛水年資、潛水證照與潛水頻次等變項是研究中常見的背景變項；休閒動機、知覺風險、休閒阻礙與休閒涉入等構念則是研究關切的議題；研究大多聚焦在探討變項間的關聯性；認真性休閒、心流以及遊憩專門化理論是研究者常引用的理論。結論：過往國內潛水研究因偏重量化研究而有去脈絡化的傾向，在研究主題與類型上亦有明顯缺口。未來研究可以加入時間要素，以縱貫性研究檢視休閒潛水的趨勢，或者以質性研究探究潛水歷程中的個體經驗；也可多從事行動研究以解決在潛水現場中的問題，或者採用實驗研究法檢視潛水活動對潛水者身心的影響。在研究主題方面，未來研究可聚焦於潛水技能習得，探究影響技能習得的前置因素以及有效的教學方法，也可更多從事與潛水產業或風險管理有具體影響之研究。最後，國外潛水研究對於適應潛水的推廣、虛擬實境的應用、檢視潛水參與對於個體生理、認知、情緒影響的探究都是值得參考的取徑。

 

Introduction: This study was conducted to examine the profiles of SCUBA studies of past 15 years in Taiwan, to manifest important research issues in this field and to explore the possibilities of future research. Method: One hundred and thirty one empirical studies on leisure SCUBA diving published from 2003 to 2017 were systematically reviewed with content analysis method. All papers were coded by two coders with a structured coding sheet. Results: It was found that the number of papers published increased gradually from year 2003 and went down after peaked in 2013. Most of the studies were in the format of thesis and that quantitative studies outnumbered qualitative studies. It seemed that SCUBA diving researchers in Taiwan had strong preference for survey or correlative studies utilizing questionnaires and/or scales as research tools. Gender, age, level of education, job, income, diving years, diver certificates earned, and diving frequencies were among the most-examined background variables. Leisure motivation, perceived risks, leisure constraints, and leisure involvement are psychological constructs researched mostly. Theories on serious leisure, flow, and recreation specialization were applied more often than other theories. Conclusion: There was a tendency of de-contextualization for studies in this field, and there were needs of research on various issues. It is suggested that longitudinal studies can be employed to examine the research trends. Qualitative research might be helpful to examine the development processes of SCUBA diving participants. Action research or experimental studies could be conducted to solve realistic problems. Besides, the facilitating or handicapping factors on specific diving skill learning worth further exploration. The learning and instruction issues of SCUBA diving also deserve further researching. More focus could be put on the study of leisure industry or risk management. Finally, recently development of research topics such as adaptive SCUBA diving, the application of virtual reality, and examining the impact of SCUBA diving on participants’ cognitive, emotional, and physical functions also worth trying.