台灣地區的語言使用：語言能力與場域分析

Language Use in Taiwan: Language Proficiency and Domain Analysis

台灣1950年代以來長期的國語運動，導致本地人的語言使用有由母語移轉到國語的現象。然而，1980年代後期的政經變化重新燃起這些母語的活力。在日常生活中，包括媒體傳播、甚至教育體系中，閩南語、客家語、原住民語又活躍了起來。為了瞭解母語與國語間的移轉現象，本研究檢視閩南、客家、原住民三個族群的國語與母語的語言溝通能力與使用情形，同時探討了此二者與個人因素如年齡、性別、教育程度、以及使用場域之間的關係。過程中，外省族群的國語使用亦納入分析，以作為比較的參考。研究發現，國語及母語的語言能力與個人年齡、性別及教育程度有顯著相關。各族群整體的語言使用，基本上驗證了Fishman的場域分析理論。而台灣地區母語與國語間的語言移轉程度，在三個族群間有相當大的不同。與以往相較，閩南語對國語展現了較強的抗拒，甚至有了逆轉的現象；客家語則延續長期以來朝國語移轉的趨勢；而原住民語言朝國語的移轉則似乎日益加劇。

In Taiwan, the compulsory National Language Policy since 1950s has forcefully caused a shift from the indigenous native languages, including Minnanyu, Hakka, and Polynesian languages, to the national language, Mandarin. However, the drastic socio-economic and political changes in late 1980s seemed to have re-kindled the revival of these native languages. These native languages are coming back in all aspects of life, including the mass media and education. To obtain a better idea of the process of language shift in Taiwan, this study examined the language proficiency and language use of the three non-mainlander groups in Taiwan. It focused on analyzing the relationships between their language choice and such variables as age, gender, education levels, and social domains. The use of Mandarin by Mainlanders was also examined as a reference point in some analyses. It was found that there were significant relationships between language proficiency and age, gender, as well as education levels. As a whole, the language use of each individual non-Mainlander group in this study confirmed Fishman's domain analysis. Language shift patterns between the native languages and the national language vary with languages, with Minnanyu demonstrating an increasing reversed shift, Hakka continuing its long-term shift toward Mandarin, and Polynesian languages experiencing an even greater shift toward Mandarin.