近十年中國大陸學者對社會企業研究之述評（2008-2017）

Social Enterprise Research in Mainland China from 2008 to 2017

「社會企業」這一概念自2004年引入中國大陸以來，日益成為有效解決社會問題的一種新途徑。但目前學界對社會企業的認知還不全面，尤其是對其內涵爭議頗多。本文梳理了中國大陸學者近十年（2008～2017年）對社會企業的研究成果，並從四個方面闡述：一、辨析社會企業的概念，從社會企業的市場性和公益性的關係來分析其內涵，指出社會企業是兼顧市場性和公益性的創新型組織，並梳理了幾種社會企業的組織形式，分別以社會企業的主要目的、市場性和公益性融合程度、社會企業與受益群體關係緊密程度、我國現存的社會企業組織形式為劃分標準。二、借鑑企業生命週期的視角，梳理社會企業生命週期中萌芽期和成長期的相關研究，如社會企業的興起理論、成長模式、行銷模式、定價模式、績效評估和法律規制，從理論層面闡述社會企業的發展。三、多角度地整合社會企業的相關實證研究，涉及就業與創業領域、扶貧領域、養老領域、國際和地區比較等，展示中國大陸社會企業發展的實際情況。四、總結近十年中國大陸學者研究的特點和不足，並指出未來在理論構建、實踐分析、研究方法和政策推進等四方面的研究可能。本文希望透過對中國大陸社會企業研究的系統性梳理，構建一個理解社會企業內涵、外延、理論、影響因素和實踐效果的整合性認知框架。

The concept of “social enterprise” was firstly introduced to Mainland China in 2004, and it increasingly becomes an effective way to solve social problems. However, the studies about social enterprise are still in much debate, especially the nature of it. This paper attempts to review Chinese mainland scholars’ research on social enterprise in nearly 10 years and elaborate the results in the following four aspects. This paper begins by discussing the connotation, denotation, and organization form of social enterprise, to clarify the nature of it. Secondly, this article examines the theoretical perspectives on social enterprise from the view of corporate life cycle theory, especially focus on the start-up stage and growth stage. This section discusses the emergence of social enterprise, business model, marketing strategy, pricing model, performance measurement, and legal framework, aiming to build the theoretical foundation for studying social enterprise. Thirdly, this paper integrates the empirical studies on social enterprise in different fields and perspectives, such as unemployment, poverty alleviation, elderly care, and international comparison, to illuminate the reality of social enterprise working with different benefices in Mainland China. Fourthly, by analyzing the state of social enterprise research in China, this paper suggests future research directions for theory development of social enterprises in fourfold: theory construction, practical analysis, research method, and policy formulation. This paper contributes to build an integrated cognitive framework to understand the nature of the concept, theoretical perspective, practical development, as well as the influencing factors of social enterprise in Mainland China.