憲法概括性權利保障條款之解釋──德國法的觀察

The Interpretation of the General Clause of Constitutional Rights － Focusing on the German Law

德國基本法第二條第一項乃是德國法上的基本權概括保障條款。此一規定包含兩個內涵，其一乃是一般行為自由，其二則為一般人格權。德國基本法第二條第一項與特別自由權保障條款間，由於具有法條競合關係（特別關係），故適用「特別法優於普通法」原則。德國基本法第二條第一項作為基本權概括保障條款，其適用餘地可分成三種情形，分別為承接功能、保障補充功能以及保障媒介功能。基本權概括保障條款雖然為基本權提供無漏洞之保障，但卻也可能為憲法上明文列舉之自由權帶來發展危機。

Article 2 Paragraph 1 of the Basic Law represents the general clause of fundamental rights in Germany. This article has two connotations. One is the general freedom of action and the other is the general personality right. Because of the “Gesetzeskonkurrenz” (specialty) is the principle “lex specialis derogat legi generali” applicable. Article 2 Paragraph 1 of the Basic Law as the general clause of fundamental rights can be applied in the following three situations: the collecting function, the protection complementary function, and the protection switching function. Although the general clause of fundamental rights provides a complete protection of fundamental rights, it may also bring a crisis for the development of the constitutionally named freedoms.