說是才算同意（Only Yes Means Yes）──增訂刑法「未得同意性交罪」之芻議

Only Yes Means Yes: A Proposal for the Offense of Nonconsensual Sex in the Criminal Law

2016年7月德國國會修正刑法中性侵害犯罪的條文，激起本文檢討何為適當之性侵害犯罪立法模式的興趣。大致而言，性侵害犯罪之立法類型可歸類為強制模式、違反意願模式、積極同意模式與修正強制模式。鑑於強制模式建立在父權社會的強暴迷思之上，違反意願模式預設被害人同意，將性侵害犯罪避免的責任放在被害人身上，修正強制模式排斥了弱勢者以性為自己爭取利益的可能性，也與刑法體系的邏輯不相符合。相對之下，積極同意模式除了尊重個人之性自主決定權之外，更可讓不同狀況的被害人都能夠受到保護，並顧及法律適用的一致性與明確性，本文因此支持積極同意模式作為劃定刑法中合法的性與非法的性的標準。為了能讓積極同意模式為我國刑法所採用，本文參考加拿大刑法與判決，建議立法者增訂「未得同意性交罪」作為我國性侵害犯罪的基本類型，並進一步從同意的定義、能力、範圍與條件，以及部分自主性等各種角度，討論何種情況下方可認定有效同意的存在。本文希望能建構出一個基本、加重與例外關係清楚的規範體系，讓立法者可以針對不同的行為提供適當的刑罰，藉此改變強暴文化。

The reform of German criminal law in July 2016 has once again bring the issue of what legislative model could provide sufficient protection for rape victims to the spotlight. After reviewing several possible models, this paper proposes to adopt the Yes Model, i.e. “only yes means yes” model, to Taiwan’s criminal law. In order to accommodate the Yes Model in Taiwan’s criminal law, this paper also proposes a new system that penalizes nonconsensual sex. Even though the reform of the criminal law might not decrease sex crime rates immediately, this paper is convinced that a reasonable model to distinguish lawful and unlawful sex to is still a crucial step to eradicate the rape culture.