正向情緒與運動希望感對大專網球選手賽前狀態焦慮與自我設限之預測

The prediction of positive emotion and sport hope to precompetitive state anxiety and self-handicapping among collegiate tennis players

緒論：本研究以希望理論為架構，以橫斷式的方式探討大專網球選手在正向情緒、希望感中的路徑思考與動力思考、控制感 (因應能力預期與目標達成預期)、自我設限、賽前狀態焦慮之強度與方向性之間的關係以及探討情緒，路徑思考與動力思考透過控制感影響自我設限，賽前狀態焦慮強度與方向性之模式。方法：受試者包括大專甲乙組網球選手共309人 (男生 183 人，女生則是 126 人)，平均年齡為 21.82 歲 ，平均專項運動的訓練時間為 5.8 年。選手在賽前一個小時必須填寫一系列之問卷，測量其賽前情緒、運動希望感 (路徑與動力)、控制感 (因應能力預期與目標達成預期)、賽前狀態焦慮 (強度以及方向性) 以及自我設限。結果：本研究結果中，路徑與動力、正向情緒、焦慮方向性、控制感有顯著正相關，與負向情緒、焦慮強度與自我設限有顯著的負相關，研究顯示出個體的路徑思考越高，傾向具有較高的正向情緒、動力與控制感，也傾向將焦慮解釋為正向的挑戰而非無法控制的負面感受。具有較高路徑思考的個體同時也傾向有較低的負向情緒，焦慮強度與自我設限。結論：結果大部分符合研究假設，修正之關聯模式有可接受的適配值，正向情緒可以預測希望感，當選手具有較高的路徑思考，透過控制感之中介去影響賽前狀態焦慮。總結來說，正向情緒與選手的控制感具有正相關，因此可以幫助選手具有較低的賽前狀態焦慮。教練如何幫助選手具有更高的正向情緒在實際應用中仍需要再研究，此外也建議未來研究需要更長時間的觀察選手來獲取資料，才可以獲取關於正向情緒與希望理論更全面的知識。

Introduction: This study is based on the hope theory where we examined the relationships between positive emotion, pathway thoughts and agency thoughts in hope theory and its effect on an athlete’s sense of control (expectancies of ability to cope and goal attainment) , self-handicapping and precompetitive state anxiety (intensity and direction). We examined the model about self-handicapping and precompetitive state anxiety predicted by positive emotion, pathway thoughts and agency thoughts through sense of control by using a cross-sectional design. Methods: A sample of 309 division1 and division2 collegiate tennis players (183 males, 126 females) were part of this study. The average age of the player was 21.82 years and had and average training time of 5.8 years. They completed a battery of questionnaires prior to one hour of their matches to measure their precompetitive emotions, sport hope (pathway and agency), sense of control (expectancies of ability to cope and goal attainment), precompetitive state anxiety (intensity and direction), and self-handicapping. Results: The results gathered from the study showed that pathways was significantly positively related with agency and positive emotion thus effecting the direction of precompetitive state anxiety. However if pathways was negatively related with negative emotion, intensity of precompetitive state anxiety and self-handicapping. This study shows that players with more pathway thoughts are prone to have more positive emotion, agency thoughts and sense of control, and views having a sense of anxiety as a positive challenge rather than a negative feeling which they cannot control. Players with more pathway thoughts also have less negative emotion, intensity of anxiety and self-handicapping. Conclusion: The results generally matched the hypothesis. The modified model demonstrated acceptable fit index. Hope was predicted by positive emotion when players had more pathway thoughts and this was used to study a player’s precompetitive state anxiety by using sense of control as a mediator. In conclusion, positive emotion positively correlates to a player’s sense of control thus helping them have a lower sense of negative anxiety. Practical implications for how coaches can help players have more positive emotion needs to be studied. It is also recommended that future studies obtain data by monitoring players for a longer period of time to be able to gather more comprehensive knowledge of positive emotion and hope theory.