鄉土小說中的「土地改革」－－兩種語境、兩種視角

The Land Reform in the Country Novels - two Contexts and two Perspectives

國府遷台後所實施含「三七五減租」、「耕者有其田」等土地改革政策，被許多相關研究台灣經濟發展的學者，視為平緩了甚或解決了當時因土地資源分配不公所造成貧富、階級差距的社會矛盾，並促使日後台灣經濟起飛的主要原因。土地與農民，往往是鄉土小說中主要的題材，在戰前諸家作品，也可以明顯發現到，許多是圍繞在地主與佃農之間諸事做為鋪陳。但在49年前後，中國和台灣雙方展開大規模的土地改革，目的相似，但手段卻大不相同。在中國同時也出現許多以土地改革為題材的小說作品，而相較於台灣，受限於歷史、政治因素，題材碰觸土地改革的小說，不僅較少，也較不深入，出現也較晚，不過仍可以從不同視角看出許多端倪。兩岸意識形態的差異，所造成的不同語境；也由於作家所持立場的不同，造成視角的差異，出現在小說作品上，造成兩種語境、兩種視角。本文即以中國、台灣土地改革為題材之鄉土小說──在中國的部份以土改早期如趙樹理、丁玲、周立波等人之小說為主，在台灣則以散見於各作者碰觸到土地改革之小說─為對象，探討在不同語境、不同視角下，在小說敘述上所產生的差異，而這種差異也因彼此的下層基礎不同，也因政治氣氛不同而形成。

Many scholars regard the Land reform policies like '三七五 rent reduction' and 'land-to-tiller' that were implemented by the KMT government who moved to Taiwan after 1949 are successful. It solved the contradictions between the social classes that are caused by unfair allotment of land, and was one of the main reasons for Taiwan's economic takeoff. The land and farmers are main themes in many country novels. In the novels before the World War II in Taiwan, the landholders and Sharecroppers are main characters. But after 1949, both China and Taiwan launched a large-scale land reform. The purposes were similar, but the means were different. There were also novels in China whose themes were land reform. Compared to Taiwan, limited by historical and political factors, the land reform themes novels were less in quantity and also were not explored in depth. The novel appeared also later. But we can find many clues from different perspectives many clues. The differences of the cross-strait ideologies has resulted the different context. The different positions taken by the authors has resulted a perspective differences that appeared in novels. This created two contexts and two perspectives. This article researches the land reform as themes of the novels in China and Taiwan. In China, such as Zhao Shuli, Ding Ling, Zhou Lipo etc. whose works are born in early period of the land reform. In Taiwan, the novels are dispersive in different periods. This article will discuss the narrative difference of the novels because of the different context and perspective. This difference is also due to the different low structures and the different political climate.