「欲」的道德實踐義－－談王船山之「欲」觀

The Significance of Desires on Morality - On Wang Chuan-shan's Standpoint of Desires

「欲」在道德實踐上，有其積極的意義，清儒王船山就明確釐清「欲」之價值意義，其在高舉「欲」的同時，亦不貶抑「理」的價值，透顯著理性與感性對道德性生命主體所具的不可或缺性，且試圖化解理性與感性之對峙，使感性生命的情感欲望，在理性之調節下，有適度抒發與合理的滿足。本文首先從欲與理的關係來指出理之欲，有其道德優先性。其次，論「欲」之區分──公欲、私欲，指出船山對「欲」之善的肯定，但也澄清並非所有的「欲」皆為善。再次，從欲望知覺到德性知識的轉化歷程，肯定人之感官欲望，有益於道德之修為。形色知覺是身體欲望的顯現，形色欲望絕非不善，人之好勇、好貨、好色若得宜，可以是天德王道之端。船山此種兼顧理與欲的胸襟，彰顯出人之普遍本質與個體生命之價值。

Desires, when applied to practice, reveal much constructive significance. As Wang Chuan-shan insists on the value of 'desires', he doesn't despite of the 'principles' that emphasize on the importance of human reason and sensitivity. He also tires to solve the controversies between human reason and sensitivity, which have traditionally been contradictive to each other. This article basically asserts that desires can be distinguished as general desires—a good ones and private desires—a bad ones. It also discusses on the relations between heavenly principles and human desires. It concludes that human desires are contributive and helpful to human virtues.