運動社會學的發展脈絡、理論與主流議題

Development, theories and main issues of Sociology of Sport

本文以文獻回顧的方式，探究運動社會學的起源、發展脈絡以及其相關理論的發展，並嘗試歸納其研究的主流議題，從這三個面向理解運動社會學領域之發展。本文認為，起源於20世紀初的運動社會學，其在理論上的應用與發展，深受少數幾位早期投入的社會學學者的影響。在研究議題的部份，經由相關文獻的綜整之後，我們認為目前至少有「運動社會學與社會學理論」、「運動與歷史」、「運動與青少年」、「運動與社會化」、「運動與偏差行為」、「運動與性別」、「運動與種族」、「運動與社會階級」、「運動與經濟」、「運動與媒體」、「運動、政治與權力」、「運動與學校教育」、「運動與宗教」等13個類別的主流議題。相較於國際運動社會學的發展而言，臺灣初期的發展受留日運動社會學學者的影響較深，之後則是由歐、美歸國的臺灣留學生以及少數本土培養的年輕學者來引領。此外，國內體育學主流期刊收錄的運動社會學文章，則多集中於「運動與社會化」、「運動與性別」、「運動、政治與權力」等三個研究議題之下。最後，根據幾位國際知名學者的觀察以及臺灣現今的情況顯示，目前國際與臺灣的運動社會學界皆面臨來自運動自然科學、母學科的社會學以及運動社會學本身內部的挑戰。在此，我們要呼籲臺灣的運動社會學界，應從自身著手，包含吸引更多社會學與跨領域研究人才的投入、提高研究品質、擴大研究廣度以及加深理論的應用及建立等，以避免臺灣的運動社會學走入雙重邊緣化的困境。

Through literature review, this article investigates the origin and the development of sociology of sport, along with the progress of relevant theories of the field, and further tries to sum up the main issues so as to make understanding of the subject from different perspectives. As this article suggests, sociology of sport emerged in the twentieth century, the theory application and development of which were deeply influenced by some of the pioneers from the field of sociology. As for research issues, this article concludes that there are at least 13 categories of main issues, including “sociology of sport and sociological theories”, “sport and history”, “sport and youth”, “sport and socialization”, “sport and deviation”, “sport and gender”, “sport and ethnicity”, “sport and social class”, “sport and economy”, “sport and media”, “sport, politics and power”, “sport and education”, “sport and religion”. Different from the development of sociology of sport internationally, the early development of sociology of sport in Taiwan was influenced by returning scholars from Japan in the field, whose leading was then taken over by those coming back from the U.S. or European countries, as well as some of the local scholars. Additionally, main journals in the field of sport in Taiwan accept articles of sociology of sport mostly under topics of “sport and socialization”, “sport and gender”, and “sport, politics and power”. Finally, according to some of the world famous scholars’ observation and the current conditions of Taiwan, both international sociology of sport and sociology of sport in Taiwan are facing challenges from natural sciences, mainstream sociology and sociology of sport itself. Reviewing the development of sociology of sport internationally and reflecting on Taiwan, this article suggests that sociology of sport in Taiwan should start from tackling the challenge from the subject itself. Steps such as attracting talented scholars from either sociology or other fields, improving research quality, expanding research scope as well as enhancing the application and development of theories are suggested to be taken so as to avoid the double marginalization dilemma.