六堆客家掛紙文化之探究

A Preliminary Study of Liou-Duai Hakka Gua Zii Culture

本文主要紀錄臺灣南部六堆地區的清明墓祭，並思索在文化變遷與融合中，地域性歲時節慶如何從原鄉原型衍化成客、閩融合的歷史規律。客家方言群自屬漢族的一支，故與漢民族擁有近似的文化，對於清明祭掃活動，客家人稱「掛紙」(gua zii)，但儀式內容及其過程與其他方言群不盡相同。因此，除了探究掃墓祭祖的形成背景，了解其活動內容及意涵之外，本文嘗試將客家人掛紙日期、儀式過程與文化意涵進行分析與詮釋，輔以參與觀察與質性訪談蒐集墓祭活動的現況，以及祭祀上的禮儀與禁忌，以建構客家方言群對於「掛紙」的在地集體記憶與鄉土風俗史料。研究結果顯示，六堆地區大約自農曆2月2日伯公聖誕至清明節前皆可掃墓，從鏟地培土、掛雞血紙、重屋、墓祭等儀式，以至雞、豬、魷魚乾三牲和鴨蛋、豆腐（豆干或麵製食品）、客家粄等六樣為主的祭品，都表現出子孫對於祖先的崇敬，亦表現出各種民俗知識，像常見的客家粄、蒜苗、芹菜等祭品作為祈求象徵，也會燒化紙糊日常用品等物件，供祖先使用。因此準備牲醴、果酒、紅粄墓祭，設席奉祀列祖列宗，以感念祖先恩德，表達子孫孝心，同時與親族敘舊，傳承家族精神，凝聚族人向心，也表現出客家人對於祖先的態度。

This article is mainly a record of Hakka’s Ching-Ming festival in southern Taiwan Liou-Duai. This article explores the historical law of how a regional festival combines Hakka and Minnan in the process of cultural change and fusion. The Hakka call themselves descendants of Han people, so they also share Han culture. While Han people have tomb offerings, the Hakka called theirs ＂gua zii＂. However, the dates and ritual processes of Han people’s tomb offerings and Hakka ＂gua zii＂ are different. Thus, this article aims to not only explore the background, activity content and meaning of tomb offerings, but also analyze and explain the date, ritual process and cultural meaning of Hakka gua zii with depth interview and participant observation to gather current situations, manners and taboos of tomb offerings and to construct the Hakka’s local collective memories of Ching-Ming festival and gua zii culture. Our comprehensive research result shows that Hakka people in the Liou-Duai area can have tomb offerings from about February 2nd on the lunar calendar (which the Earth God’s Birthday falls on) to Ching-Ming festival. They hang paper and add soil to worship. Main sacrifices are chicken, pigs, dried squid, duck eggs, tofu (bean curd or flour food) and Hakka flat noodles. These sacrifices represent Hakka offspring’s worship and reverence to their ancestors. Besides, they also represent folk knowledge. For example, Hakka flat noodles, garlic sprout and celery are a symbol of pray. And Hakka people burn daily necessaries made of paper for their ancestors. Hakka people also prepare oblation, wine and red tortoise cake to worship and show gratitude to their ancestors and present the offspring’s filial piety. At the same time, Hakka’s Ching-Ming festival is a family reunion to inherit family spirit and represent the Hakka’s attitude to their ancestors.