我國憲法解釋中的權力分立圖像

The Conception of Separation of Powers in the Constitutional Case: Law of Taiwan

憲法國家之權力分立制度與實踐，固然有其共同的理論基礎與發展要素，但實際情形隨著各憲政體制之不同而存有相當大的差異性。各成文憲法作為國家權力之框架性秩序規範，乃形塑與引導權力分立具體開展的主要憑藉，憲政實際運作與憲法司法實務則是在憲法具體規範下開展，逐步具體化憲法所設定或支持的權力圖像。
司法院的憲法解釋在我國憲政運作上，從威權時期、民主轉型時期一直到民主相對穩定運作的時期，均扮演了積極且重要的角色；透過我國特有的憲法疑義解釋途徑，大法官往往被政治部門要求以憲政指導者的角色就憲政爭議提供解答。大法官對權力分立所抱持的立場與觀點，理應對相關憲法爭訟之解決有極關鍵的影響，值得探究。
本文著眼於此，首先從理論層面，探討權力分立思想發展的關連要素；其次觀察我國憲政體制之重大發展歷程與憲法所定國家權力結構之特性。最後從法律保留與法規制定權、法律案提案權、立法院的問政資訊取得權與監察院調查權、責任政治意涵、副總統兼任行政院長之合憲性爭議、預算權、獨立機關人事權以及法律支配事項與範圍等八個面向，剖析相關大法官解釋中所蘊含的權力分立思想。

The institutions and practice of separation of powers among constitutional states have some common theoretical foundations and historical origins, yet the situation on the ground varies significantly, due to differences between individual constitutional systems. Statutory constitutional law is the normative framework of the powers of the state, which shapes and guides the development of separation of powers. Under the specific constitutional texts, the actual function of constitutionalism and the practice of constitutional review start to develop, and the conception of separation of powers designed or supported by the constitution become gradually crystallized.
In Taiwan, the “Constitution-Interpretations” of the Constitutional Court of the Judicial Yuan play an active and crucial role in the development of Taiwanese constitutionalism, from authoritarian period through democratic transitions to the currently relatively stable democracy. Through a special procedure of “Judicial Interpretation of the Constitution”, the Grand Justices of the Constitutional Court are often deemed to be the adviser of constitutionalism and inquired by the government to provide solutions to constitutional disputes. Therefore, the views and positions of the Justices to the separation of powers should be extremely influential in the resolution of constitutional disputes, which requires further research.
This article thus begins firstly with a theoretical account of the key elements that contribute to the development of the ideas of separation of powers. Secondly, the article observes the relations between the special features of state powers designed by the constitution and the historical milestones of the development of constitutionalism in Taiwan. Finally, this article analyzes the conception of separation of powers embedded in various interpretations of the Justices through the following eight different dimensions: 1) the requirement of the specific enactment of a statute and the power of administrative rule-making; 2) the right of legislative initiative; 3) the investigative power of the Control Yuan and the right to information of the Legislative Yuan; 4) the meaning of political accountability; 5) the constitutionality of Vice President holding concurrently the post of Premier of the Executive Yuan; 6) the budgetary power; 7) the power to decide on personnel affairs of independent agencies; and 8) the content and boundaries of rule of law.