從「過渡」到「過渡中的主體」：Étienne Balibar對於歷史唯物論的詮釋   全文下載

From “Transition” to “Subject in Transition”: Étienne Balibar’s Interpretations of Historical Materialism

本文試圖藉由回顧法國思想家Étienne Balibar於1960～1980年代這段時期的書寫中一部分具有代表性的作品，探討政治、主體與意識形態問題如何隨著Balibar 詮釋歷史唯物論工作的持續推進，逐漸從論述的邊緣移向核心。本文分成三個部分：第一部分梳理Balibar 在1960 年代如何以一種Althusser 式的結構主義，重構Marx歷史唯物論中的過渡理論。第二部分探討Balibar 如何在1970 年代的自我批評與後續的「無產階級專政」論爭中，重新將階級鬥爭置於歷史唯物論的核心，以及如何處理無產階級專政所涉及的一系列馬克思主義政治的理論與實踐難題。第三部分檢視Balibar 如何透過重新解讀Marx與Engels的書寫中，諸多在階級政治、意識形態以及無產階級作為歷史主體等問題上的擺盪，修正了早先的無產階級專政立場，而逐漸地將「無產階級」界定為持續處於建構狀態、無法建立內在同一性的「非主體」(non-subject)。透過以上三個部分的討論，本文主張Balibar對於馬克思主義歷史唯物論的詮釋，呈現了一個從「過渡」、「過渡與主體」到「過渡中的主體」的理論發展歷程，而這個發展歷程不僅是我們深入探討Balibar晚近書寫的重要背景，也可以作為我們後續評估當前共產主義思潮復甦的參照。

This paper attempts to revisit the French Marxist Étienne Balibar’s writings during the period between 1960s-1980s in order to trace the process along which the ideas of politics, subject and ideology had been gradually moved to the center of Balibar’s interpretations and critiques of the Marxist historical materialism. The paper is divided into three parts. The first part discusses Balibar’s theorization of the transition of the mode of production. The second part focuses on Balibar’s position regarding the debate over “the dictatorship of the proletariat” in the mid-1970s, and how he eventually failed to confront the dilemma inherent in Marxist revolutionary politics. The third part deals with Balibar’s reformulation of his reading of historical materialism via re-evaluating the status of ideology and politics in Marx’s and Engels’ works. The paper concludes that the emphasis of Balibar’s interpretations of historical materialism up to the early 1980s had been shifted from a structuralist theorization of “transition” to bringing the “class struggle” back in whereby “transition and subject” were juxtaposed, and finally, to the exploration of the relevance of “subject in transition” to the practice of radical politics.