論公民的違憲主體資格——學說述評基礎上的再思考

On the Unconstitutional Subject Qualification of Citizens - Rethinking based on Reviewing Previous Theories

在回答“何謂違憲”這個問題時，首要的是明確違憲主體的範圍。然對公民是否具有違憲主體資格，我國學者尚未達成共識。我國《憲法》序言第13自然段第2句、第5條以及憲法基本義務條款並不能成為證立公民具有違憲主體資格的規範依據；至於在“第三人效力”理論中的“間接效力”場合下，公民亦不是違憲主體。限制國家權力保障公民基本權利的憲法精神和功能以及憲法責任能力的缺失決定了公民不具有違憲主體資格。否定公民的違憲主體資格並不會危及憲法權威，更不是放縱公民肆意踐踏憲法。

Determining the scope of unconstitutional subject is the precondition of answering the following question: what is unconstitutional? But a consensus has not reached on if citizen has the unconstitutional subject qualification or not. The second sentence of the thirteenth paragraph of Chinese Constitutions Preamble, Article 5 and fundamental duties clauses do not demonstrate the unconstitutional subject qualification of citizens. On the occasion of “indirect effect” advocated by “the thirdparty theory”, citizens are neither unconstitutional subject. That citizens do not have the unconstitutional subject qualification is determined by the constitutional spirit and function of “limiting the political power and protecting citizens basic rights”, and the lack of the ability of assuming constitutional responsibility. Denying the unconstitutional subject qualification of citizens do not result in the following adverse consequences: endangering constitutional authority and allowing citizens to infringe the constitution arbitrarily.