財經管制法制的憲法思考

The Constitutional Thinking about Financial and Economic Regulatory Regime

財經事務遠不同於一般行政事務，它具有突發性，國際性與快速變動性等三項特性。基於這些特性，使得財經行政機關要比一般行政機關享有更多的裁量空間。一般而言，在財經領域中，行政權應當享有主導與優先性的權力，而且國會亦對其大量授權。面對此情形，主張禁止授權的想法或希望採取全面的法律保留，或是更加強化國會對財經行政措施的監督，都是不智之舉。正確的解決之道，應該是改善財經管制機關的組織模式，強化其獨立性，建立調查與處罰單位組織分離的原則，並強化人民在命令訂定程序中的參與強度。除此之外，作成裁罰性行政處分的程序必須更加司法化，以提升其公正性。對於裁罰性行政處分的救濟措施也必須儘量完善，以充分保障人權權利。若能落實這些制度改革，則目前最被詬病的大量且廣泛的授權，以及行政行為欠缺民主正當性等缺失，都可以獲得有效的改善。

The financial and economic affaires are different from general administrative activities. Suddenness, internationalization and constantly change are three characteristics that make financial and economic administration possess of more discretion than other administrations. Due to theses distinguishing features, the executive power should dominate and have policy privileges in this sphere. Generally, the Parliament delegates its legislative power to financial and economic administration by a wide margin. The non-delegation idea or le parliament control more rigorously is certainly not the correct way to supervise the executive power in the financial and economic domain. In order to remedy the disequilibrium of separation of powers and the lack of democratic legitimacy, to establish independent administrative agencies and to set up the citizen participation mechanism are indispensable. Furthermore, the organization of financial and economic administrative agencies and the procedure to decide the punitive administrative measures should be reformed. The investigate unit and the decisive unite should be separated. The process of making punitive administrative measure needs to change from pure administrative procedures to quasi-judicial process. If these reforms take up its proper place, the suspicions of large legislative delegation and democratic legitimacy will be well cured.