零工經濟發展現況與挑戰

Development and the Challenge of Gig Economy

在資通科技及新經濟模式迅速方展的現代，零工經濟模式迅速崛起引發各界關注。在過去幾年，歌頌零工經濟的文獻族繁不及備載，斯時此種工作態樣儼然成為最令人嚮往者，惟近年來反對聲浪逐漸興起，各界對於此議題之關注程度達到新的高峰。本文首先透過文獻分析法，於綜合各國學界及政府對於「零工經濟」之定義並嘗試勾勒其輪廓後，爬梳主要先進國家零工經濟發展現況及國際組織層級之對此議題之因應，並透過深度訪談方式了解實務上零工經濟在我國之發展現況。研究發現對我國零工經濟之勞務提供者而言，吸引渠等投入此種工作模式之主因有：1. 時間彈性；2. 工作彈性，及3. 工作門檻低；渠等所面臨之困境則有1. 經濟上缺乏安全感；2. 須自行承擔職業風險；3. 平臺管理過於嚴苛；4. 平臺抽成過高，及5. 須承擔個資外洩風險。多數勞務提供者表示未來會繼續透過零工經濟模式提供勞務，惟僅會將之作為兼職。對於勞務提供者之社會保障，我國勞、健保，及勞工退休制度設計上皆未以具有勞工身分為納保要件，是以渠等皆得適用相關規範，差別僅在於保費繳納金額之多寡及有無雇主為其提繳勞退。為妥適保障勞務提供者的權益，並正確就渠等身分加以定性，避免平臺業者錯誤分類，建議未來勞工行政主管機關應加強對於平臺業者之勞動檢查，訂定妥適檢查機制及檢查頻率。

With the rapid innovation of information and communication technology, a new business model-Gig economy has raised attention worldwide. Over the past few years, it is quite common that we see articles discussing the positive and promising side of the gig economy, which successfully attracted many people. Nowadays, different aspects of views have popped out, drawing more and more peoples' attention. By adopting the literature review, this article defined the definition of ''gig economy'' and tried to picture the nature of it. This article also went through the current development and the reaction related to the gig economy of major advanced countries and international organizations in the world. Further, this article also studies the current development in practice in Taiwan by an in-depth interview. The article findings indicate the following reason for crowd workers to participate in the gig economy: 1. flexible working hours; 2. flexible working style, and 3. low work threshold. As to difficulties, crowd workers face 1. economically insecure; 2. crowd workers need to take the risk of occupation on their own; 3. platform management is too strict; 4. commission rate that the platform operator take is too high, and 5. the risk of personal data leakage. Despite facing the difficulties mentioned above, crowd workers are still determined to work this way in the future and consider it a parttime job. Having an employee status is not an essential requirement for crowd workers to participate in the labor insurance, health insurance, and labor pension system in Taiwan, their status only matters when it comes to the insurance fee and whether the platform operator is obligated to contribute labor pension funds to the crowd workers account. This article suggests that the labor administrative authority should strengthen labor inspections for platform operators, and establish appropriate labor inspection mechanisms and inspection frequencies to protect crowd worker's rights, and make sure their employment status will not be misclassified in the future.