高乘載管制政策研析：以臺灣國道一號高速公路北部路段為例

High-Occupancy Regulation Policy: Case of National Freeway NO.1 in Northern Taiwan

高速公路擁擠是臺灣迫切需要解決的問題，近年來歐美等國家針對交通壅塞、高通勤成本，以及石油消耗等問題，設置高乘載與收費車道。高乘載車輛專用車道結合道路擁擠費的管制概念，將高乘載車輛專用車道剩餘容量移轉給付費的低乘載車輛。本文利用兩階段規劃概念，政府決定初始道路政策，用路者再依照自己的旅行成本決定是否要使用此路段。在上層決策是照目前車流狀況運用服務水準原則訂出合適的道路政策，再以最低成本原則模擬改善擁擠政策，而下層則是以用路人最小化個人成本為考量。本研究以國道一號五股交流道至楊梅交流道擁擠路段為例，導入高乘載車輛專用車道與高乘載與收費車道兩種道路政策，模擬車流狀況計算出不同道路政策之服務水準，發現高乘載與收費車道之服務水準最佳，可以有效改善擁擠問題，其中約有百分之五十至八十之高乘載車輛會進入高乘載與收費車道，而百分之二十以內低乘載車輛願意共乘或是付出擁擠收費進入高乘載與收費車道。

Highway congestion is a serious problem in Taiwan. In recent years, high-occupancy vehicle lanes (HOV lanes) have been applied in America and many European countries for solving traffic congestion, high commuting costs and oil consumption problems. High-occupancy toll lanes (HOT lanes), on the other hand, are another way to increase the utilization of HOV lanes. HOT lanes convert the remaining capacity of HOV lanes, which allow low occupancy vehicles (LOVs) to use the HOT lanes by paying a congestion toll. This paper uses a bi-level concept to crystallize an organizational hierarchy in which two decision makers seek to improve their strategies. In the upper level problem, administrators decide the policy of freeways as a minimum total cost problem based one the current traffic flow and desired level of service; in the lower level problem, road users estimate their travel cost to decide the most economical way. A case of the National Freeway No.1 from Wugu interchange to Yangmei interchange is used to test our policies, the HOV and HOT lanes.. The simulation shows that convert an existing lane to HOT lane is the optimal road policy. And we also find that between 50% and 80% of the HOVs will divert into the HOT lane, and between 0% and 20% of the LOVs will carpooling or pay a congestion toll to use the HOT lane.