行政調查行為之救濟

A Study on the Remedies for Administrative Investigation

行政機關為求作成最終正確之決定，必須蒐集各種資料，以釐清事實俾形成心證。此種蒐集資料之行為，即一般所稱之行政調查。惟行政機關在從事各種調查行為時，人民之權利亦有可能而受有損害。因此，如何在兩者間取得適當之平衡，乃為重要之課題。涉及行政調查之規範，在我國目前尚乏統一之法律，大多散見於個別法規中。而其規定，往往十分簡略，人民權利即經常受有損害，同時並缺乏對於行政調查行為請求救濟之一般性規定。此外，行政調查行為屬程序行為之一種，亦會受到行政程序法第一七四條規定之限制，不得單獨提起救濟。因此，在現行法制下，對於人民因行政調查而受到之損害，其權利救濟之途徑，並不完整且受有相當之限制。是以，針對我國現有法制，檢討與行政調查有關救濟之問題，乃為本文之重點。文中擬先確立行政調查之概念，並說明其種類及可能具備之性質。其次，將就具有重要意義之強制調查行為，探討其種類、性質及判斷依據。再者，即根據行政調查行為可能之各種性質，說明其得採行之救濟途徑。另由於行政調查法第一七四條之規定，對於調查行為之及時救濟有相當大之影響，故有參照德國行政法院法上之相關規定，併予究明之必要。此外亦檢視法院之見解，以了解我國司法實務之態度。最終則依據檢討所得，分從個案處理及立法建議兩部分，提出個人淺見，期有助於我國在行政調查法領域之完善。

In order to make a correct and final decision, the administrative agency must collect all kinds of information to clarify and substantiate facts. This type of information collection is generally called the administrative investigation. However, when the administrative agency conducts such investigations, people’s rights might be violated. Therefore, a proper balance between the two becomes crucial. In Taiwan, a unified law concerning administrative investigations is presently absent and the general provisions on requesting remedies for administrative investigation are insufficient. Moreover, because an administrative investigation is a procedural act and accordingly is restricted by Article 174 of the Administrative Procedure Act, a single and isolated litigation is prohibited. As a result, under the current law, the remedies for damages caused by administrative investigations that violate people’s rights are incomplete and subject to considerable restrictions. This article therefore focuses on reviewing the issues of Taiwan’s existing legal system relevant to the remedies for administrative investigations. It firstly defines administrative investigations. Secondly, it explores types, nature, and the judgment bases of mandatory investigations of great significance. Furthermore, it elucidates the appropriate administrative remedies in accordance with the nature of administrative investigations. Additionally, since Article 174 of the Administrative Procedure Act has considerable impacts on timely remedies of investigation, it is necessary to refer to and analyze the relevant provisions of the German Administrative Court Act as well as review the court’s opinions in order to understand the attitude of judicial practice in Taiwan. Finally, based on the results of the review, the author provides two individual opinions, which are case handling and the legislative suggestion in the hope of improving administrative investigations in Taiwan.