日語類義前綴詞素用法之比較－與〈正〉相反之前綴為主

A Comparison Study of Japanese Prefixes with Similar Meanings: Mainly About Prefixes in contrast with ''SEI-''

日語當中表示〈正－反〉相對的����反����的層面的前綴詞素有「反-」「逆-」「アンチ-」， 例如「反時計回り」表示與順時針相反的方向；「逆効果」表示相反的效果；「アンチエルニーニョ」(anti-El Nino )表示與'' El Nino''(聖嬰)相反的現象。本篇論文預計探討「反-」「逆-」「アンチ-」這三個日語類義前綴在表示正反相對的〈反〉的語意時，究竟彼此之間在語意用法上及所結合的詞根詞素等構詞性質上有何類似以及差異等。斎藤(2004)提出語詞的語意包含了〈概念性語意〉及〈周邊性語意〉，〈概念性語意〉為語詞語意的中心概念部分；相對地，〈周邊性語意〉則是語詞語意的周邊部分。本稿以該觀點分析上述類義前綴詞素彼此之間的異同。經考察，瞭解到：這些類義前綴雖然都是表示與〈正〉相反、相對的概念，然，事實上在〈概念性語意〉上不盡相同，有些是有所差異；另一方面，〈概念性語意〉相同者則另外在〈周邊性語意〉上、或是所結合的詞根詞素上可觀察出彼此之間構詞性質的差異。

'H AN - '', '' GYAKU - '', and '' ANT I -'' are prefixes in Japanese used to express the opposite side of a certain concept. For example, ''H ANTOKEIMAWARI '' means the opposite direction to the movement of a clockwise direction. ''GYAKUKOUKA'' indicate s a completely opposite effect than that of somebody expected . ''ANTIERUNINYO'' ( anti -El Nino or La Niña) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño. This study was to investigate the differences in word format ion as semantics and the root morpheme combination of the three similar Japanese prefixes above when presenting opposite meanings. Saito (2004) indicated that semantics of a phrase should include both ''nuclear semantics'' and ''peripheral semantics''. While ''nuclear semantics'' is the central meaning of a phrase, ''peripheral semantics'' is the secondary or derivative meaning. In this study, we used this concept to analyze the prefixes mentioned above, and, therefore, were able to discovered that though the prefixes are all used to express concepts of ''opposite'', some of them contain somewhat different ''nuclear semantics''. On the other hand, phrases having the same ''nuclear semantics'' can be observed differences in word formation from either their ''peripheral semantics'' or the root morphemes they combined with.