陸象山以二心為一之自我論人之善惡

Lu Xiang-Shan on Human Good and Evil bythe Self of Two Minds in One

本文乃處理象山二心為一之說，以發掘其倫理學意涵及其哲學史根源。二心即是道心與人心；而所謂為一，乃表二心間之統一。依唐君毅之詮釋，視之為同一心之或升或降即表此統一；其次乃依象山文本，筆者視這統一乃表示為決意於或順或逆其本心間的人自我之概念，因而所謂順逆本心即只是人自我之心意識中的兩端緒而已。合此，人自我若順其本心即是其心之上升；反之，若違逆之，則是同一心之下降；在這自我概念下，即能說明人之道德規範與歸責之可能性。此本心與人心之分別，乃是對其概念進行先驗分析而至者，以便能揭示本心概念之特質。但此本心概念並未涵蓋人道德意識之整全，而只這整全中的一部分，因這概念未蘊含犯惡之可能性，所以未能說明犯惡者自身及對其惡之可能歸責。而這人自我之概念所表者乃其心意識之兩端，這才表道德意識之整全：本心是我的本心，我亦是那犯惡者，由是，這自我乃是善惡之可能性之最高主體。以上之分析乃在象山所引用的孟子文本中所建立者，也即是，象山二心為一之說，不論其倫理學意涵抑或其哲學史根源，乃藉孟子學之連結中所達至者。

In this paper I discuss Xiangshan’s unity of two minds in order toexplore its ethical implications and the roots of its philosophical history. Thetwo minds mean Dao mind and human mind, and the so-called one mind isthe unity of the two. And this unity in my paper is regarded as theone-mind’s rise or fall by the interpretation of Tang Junyi（唐君毅）, and asa concept of self to combine two minds in according to Xiangshan’s text, theunity is a self who makes a decision for or against his original mind, thus it istwo beginnings of the same mind. In a word, the mind rises when the self’sdecision conforms with his original mind, and the same mind falls when hisdecision violates it. In according to the concept of self the possibility ofhuman’s moral norm and responsibility can be explained. The distinctionbetween the two minds is established by a transcendental analysis of theirrespective conceptual content, and the point is to reveal the character oforiginal mind. But the concept of original mind doesn’t demonstrate thewhole but only a part of moral consciousness, because it doesn’t imply thepossibility of evil and thus fails to explain the concept of evildoer and thepossible responsibility for his evil. The concept of the self indicates the twobeginnings of the human consciousness and as such constitute the whole ofmoral consciousness: the original mind is mine, and I am also the evildoer,thus the self is nothing but the ultimate subject for the possibility of good andevil. The above analysis is based on the Mencius text quoted by Xiangshan.That is, Xiangshan’s two minds in one, in both its ethical implications andphilosophical history, is dependent on his interpretation of Mencius text.