2019年憲法發展回顧

Developments in the Law in 2019: Constitutional Law

本文以2019年憲法實務發展為分析對象，區分為憲法解釋、重要立法與重大憲政事件三個面向加以介紹，並作簡要評述。整體而言，2019年的憲法解釋持續深化基本權利之保障，包括健康權之肯認、取消學生與公務人員訴訟救濟之限制，以及對處罰與責任間的比例原則作更細膩之要求，並以客觀詳細之論證肯認軍公教年金改革措施之合憲性，釐清公共年金制度的基本原理，設定年金改革劃定應該依循之憲法界線。此外，雖有過半公民透過公民投票對同性者結婚表示不支持，但在司法院釋字第748號解釋之要求下，2019年終於通過實現同性婚姻的法律制度，公民投票法也為此作了修正。另一方面，臺灣的民主政治與多元開放社會也正面臨來自中國的影響力，以及網路社群快速散播各種不實訊息、危及社會包容互信基礎的威脅，再加上中、港、臺及其他國家之間局勢變化，2019年間不實資訊管制相關法律之修正、國家安全五法之修法，以及難民法、外國代理人登記制度之討論，均與此密切相關。這些法律層次的立法與討論，不僅反映出現階段臺灣人民對於國家定位的省思，以及對於自由民主憲政秩序的共識基礎，並深刻影響臺灣人民未來是否還能繼續享有人權與民主的保障。

This article reviews and introduces constitutional development in 2019 divided into dimensions of constitutional interpretations by the Judicial Yuan, legislations and events with constitutional significance. In general, the Grand Justices were continually enhancing the fundamental rights protection, including recognition of right to health, elimination of exception of right to sue for students and civil servants, and demanded on more exact proportionality between liability and punishment. The Constitutional Court also argued the constitutionality of pension reform measures for military personals, civil servants and public schools teachers with scientific evidences, and pointed out the constitutional limit for the further public pensions reforms. Moreover, although more than half of electorate voted no through referendum to same-sex marriage, in 2019 the Legislative Yuan has passed the Implementation Act of the Y. J. Interpretation No. 748 for constructing the legal basis for the same-sex marriage; the Referendum Act was therefore revised. On the other hand, in Taiwan, the democracy system and the open and diverse society are jeopardized by the impacts from Chinese government and by the dissemination of disinformation through social media which destroys the tolerance and the foundation of mutual trust in our society. In addition, the international situation among China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and other states has also changed dramatically. Against this background, in 2019 several acts in relation to regulation of dissemination of disinformation and other five legislations focusing on the issues of national security were enacted or amended. Also, the drafts of Refugees Act and Foreign Agents Registration Act were submitted in this context. This legislative discussion indicates not only how the citizens reidentify the statehood of Taiwan, but also how far the consensus of people in Taiwan on the liberal and democratic constitutionalism has been reached. Whether in the future we can still live in a democratic society and enjoy human rights, depends on the consensus on the statehood of Taiwan and on the constitutionalism.