德國非機構處遇規範之探究與借鏡

The Exploration and Lessons about Regulations of Non-Institutional Treatment in Germany

德國有關非機構處遇之規範與我國迥異其趣，尤其在極為冷門之保安處分法制，契合度相當之低，然因過去刑法教育長期強調承襲歐陸法系而來，導致國人錯解。實則，德國之中止訴訟、緩刑、假釋、感化試驗、行為監管、附加命令、終身保護管束、易刑處分、撤銷及其救濟，乃至第一線工作者之角色定位……等等，皆與我國之相關法規有著南轅北轍之落差。甚者，德國非機構處遇在近20年間受到英美國家相關領域之影響，其組織系統及業務領域儼已產生急遽變遷，現今實務界已自傳統刑罰二元之框架轉化為「司法社會服務」之概念，進而將整體制度朝向多元化、彈性化、社會化發展，未來甚至有全面民營化之可能。我國刻正司法改革之際，對於刑事司法末端之觀護制度，亦經國是會議決議擬立專法予以改良，自然不宜獨漏德國法制之借鑒。緣此，從德國刑事訴訟的偵查、審理、執行階段分別闡明相關規範，藉機釐清非機構處遇之相關概念，特別是在帶有社會復歸權意味之假釋處分、以感化試驗官為中心之社區矯正、受保護管束人之善意保持義務、假釋與保護管束之本質區別、感化試驗與行為監管之比較，以及德國易刑處分與我國短期刑易服社會勞動之迥異。本文同時以比較法之角度，探討適於本土借鏡之處，亦附帶敘述「聯合電子監視總部」在黑森邦成立後之運作概況，以及巴登符騰堡邦試行民營化十年後峰迴路轉之過程，俾供有識者參考。

The regulations on Non-Institutional Treatment in Germany are very different from those in Taiwan. Especially in the extremely unpopular Security Measures legal system, the compatibility between the two countries is quite low. However, criminal law education has long emphasized the inheritance of the European legal system in the past, which has led to misunderstandings by the compatriots. In fact, Suspend Litigation, Suspended Penalties, Parole, Protection Control, Behavior Supervision, Additional Orders, Lifetime probation, Exchange Penalty Action, Re vocation and Relief, and even the role of the front-line workers... etc., those are all very different from the relevant regulations in Taiwan. Moreover, the Non-Institutional Treatment in Germany has been influenced by the relevant fields in the United Kingdom and the United States in the past 20 years. Their organizational systems and business fields have undergone rapid changes. The current state of the legal practice has transformed from the traditional criminal penalty framework into the concept of''Judicial Social Services''. Then the whole system is developing towards diversification, flexibility and socialization, and even the possibility of privatization in the future. Our country is on the occasion of judicial reform, the National Conference on Judicial Reform also decided to formulate special legal for the Probation System and Community Corrections as soon as possible. Therefore, this article explain the relevant norms from the investigation, trial, and execution stages of German Criminal Proceedings, to clarify the relevant concepts of Non-Institutional Treatment. Especially in terms of the parole action with interest means of reintegration, the community correction centered on probation officers, the probationer's maintain obligations of goodwills, the nature of parole and probation, identification between probation experiments and behavioral supervision, as well as the comparison between the German exchange penalty action and Taiwan's Social Labor for short-term penal punishment. This article also discusses what our country suit to borrowing from the perspective of comparative law. It also includes an overview of the operation of National Electronic Monitoring Center (Gemeinsame elektronische Überwachungsstelle der Länder: GÜL) at Hessischen Bad Vilbel after its establishment. In addition, the process of changing back after privatization of Baden-Wurttemberg to provide a reference to those of insight.