校園的空間配置對兒童身體活動量影響之研究

The Effect of Schoolyard Arrangement on Children's Physical Activity Level

兒童每天在校園中停留最久也進行許多活動，然現今學童身體活動量不夠，運動不足造成肥胖比例增加。國內的校園研究很少探討空間對兒童身體活動量產生的影響，本研究選擇具有全球定位系統與心跳的運動手錶為測量儀器，並搭配自我填答式問卷，紀錄兒童的基本資料、下課時間的活動以及身體活動習慣。依照班級數目及校地面積抽取新竹市都市計畫區四等級的國小各一間學校進行抽樣調查，共有90位學生樣本填答問卷、72位學生樣本提供GPS數據。並以gMapmaker製作符合World Geodetic System 84座標系統之校園地圖，結合樣本資料進行統計分析校園空間配置與樣本身體活動量及空間使用情況之關係。主要研究結果如下：一、兒童下課時偏好在運動場及建築物中停留，廣場的停留人數最多但停留時間卻不長。二、兒童的體能活動多在學校中產生，但下課時的身體活動量仍嫌不足。三、建築物及運動場較能引發高身體活動量，兒童偏好在運動空間從事球類運動與跑步，在建築物中從是追逐遊戲。四、不同的校園空間對兒童下課的身體活動量程度與停留時間形成顯著差異，運動場能使兒童產生較久的中度以上身體活動量。五、總身體活動量時間長、體育課參與程度高、上學時活動參與高者的下課平均心跳也較高，而其輕－中度與中－激烈度的身體活動量累積時間也較長。六、坐車通勤者的輕－中度身體活動量累積時間高於走路通勤者，上學時低活動參與者的輕度與輕－中度身體活動量累積時間均高於高活動參與者，顯示較不好動的兒童的身體活動量累積，也是以輕度或者輕－中度為主。

Children spend most of their day in school, carrying out various activities, however, today's children do not do enough physical activity, and this lack of exercise has caused an increase in obesity. Domestic schoolyard studies seldom focus on the impact of space on children's physical activity level. This study uses watches with GPS and heart rate monitor functions as measuring instruments, as well as self-answering surveys to record children's background information, measure recess activity, and physical activity habits. Elementary schools in four levels of the urban planning districts in Hsinchu are selected by class number and school area, and one school from each area was chosen for sampling, including 90 sample surveys and 72 pieces of GPS data. Schoolyard maps were created by gMapmaker using the World Geodetic System 84 coordination system, and were integrated with sample data for analysis, to examine the relationships between schoolyard space arrangement, sample's physical activity level, and the use of space.Study results are as follows:1. Children prefer staying on athletic fields and in buildings; the largest numbers of people were recorded in plaza areas but the length of peoples stay in these areas was short.2. Children's physical activity mostly occurred in school, but their physical activity level during recess is still not high enough.3. Buildings and athletic fields are places that induced high levels of physical activity; children prefer playing ball and running in athletic areas and chasing each other in the buildings.4. Different schoolyard spaces show significant differences in children's physical activity level and staying time during recess; children have longer MVPA (moderate to vigorous physical activity) and higher physical activity levels on the athletic field.5. Children with longer total physical activity periods, who have high participation in physical education classes and school activities have higher average heart rates during recess, and have longer LMPA (light to moderate physical activity) level and MVPA levels of accumulated physical activity time.6. Children commuting by car have higher mid-mild levels of accumulated physical activity time then those commuting by foot; during school, LPA (light to moderate physical activity) level and LMPA levels of low activity children's accumulated physical activity time are higher than high activity childrens. This indicates that the physical activity levels of less active children mainly are from LPA or LMPA.