《春秋》直書滅華與《左傳》資鑑之史觀──以直書華夏相滅、狄吳滅華為例

Chun Qiu's Straight Words toward Huaxia's Demise and the History Viewpoint Zuo Zhuan Refers: Use the straight Words towards Countries of Huaxia Demise Each Other and Di and Wu demise Huaxia as Example

《春秋》以禮法修辭，或曲筆諱書，或直書不諱。凡書滅者，國亡祀絕之謂，非不仁者不忍為。故滅華者，無論華夏或夷狄，《春秋》多據事直書，不隱不諱。貶斥之、誅責之，所以甚其罪，惡其行，懲戒於天下後世。《春秋》於來滅者之批判，例不說破，微辭隱義其實難知。唯比次其相近相反之史事，連屬其上下前後之辭文，乃可以推求孔子言外之指義。此實屬辭比事之《春秋》教，為研讀詮釋《春秋》書法之利器與津梁。《左傳》以歷史敘事闡發《春秋》之微言大義，即運化屬辭比事之書法，而成詳略、重輕、異同、曲直、顯晦、虛實、奇正、離合諸敘事手法；或光大《春秋》之指義，或補充《春秋》之所不及。於《春秋》直書滅華，《左傳》往往寓論斷於敘事之中，提示侯國所以失國亡國之罪，尤其勾勒成敗興廢存亡之理，有益於經世與資鑑。本文探討華夏相夷滅之事案五，見豪強不顧親情戚誼，唯欺凌兼併為務。再舉狄吳滅華之事例五，華夏滅夷狄之個案一，要皆強凌弱，眾暴寡，藉事藉端滅國，要之在利其土地而已。《左傳》以史傳經，於來滅及見滅兩造，多褒貶兼至。強調謹微、積漸之幾，凸顯應變御變之術，而《左傳》資鑑之史觀，亦於是乎在。

Chun Qiu's words toward demise means that a country had been destroyed and the nationality had been sonless. The conduct of demise can only be done by one without kindheartedness and justice, or he wouldn’t be hardhearted enough to do it. Therefore, no matter it was Huaxia that demised the country in Huaxia or that it was Barbarians, Chun Qiu mostly use straight words according to the incidents without conceal and avoidance. Confucius denounce them and that their sin would be impregnable. Zuo Zhuan elucidated the words and meanings in Chun Qiu through narating the history, namely, word connection and event arrangement, to form the narration method of detailed and abbreviated, emphasized and unstressed, different and same, circular and straight, obvious and obscure, unique and normal, and separated and combined to either enhance and glorify the aim of Chun Qiu or to replenish what Chun Qiu didn't mention about. While Chun Qiu use straight words to describe the demise of Huaxia, Zuo Zhuan usually narrated in a discussion form which it pointed out the sin that dukes' kingdom demised, especially the reason it succeed or faied, flourished or declined, or existed or demised, which can allow others to learn to carry on the country or to refer as reference. The paper will discuss five incidents of countries of Huaxia demised each other, we will see how powerful countries neglected the affection between them and other countries but only focusing on mergering them. Then, this paper will discuss five incidents of Di and Wu demised Huaxia and one incident of Huaxia demised Barbarians. These incedents all falls to powerful countries bully weak countries through exuses only wanting their lands. Zuo Zhuan explains the classics through history. When describing the two aspect of demising others and being demised, it often show both appraise and criticize. It emphasizes small objects and gradual and accumulation to make the method of dealing with things and managing stand out, which brought out history viewpoint that Zuo Zhuan referred to.