風勵藎節──清代昭忠祠祀典及其死亡、暴力之書寫

Encouraging Loyalty: Zhaozhong Ci Sacrifice Rituals and Writings on Death and Violence in the Qing Dynasty

本文對於清代昭忠祠祀典進行制度與文本雙主軸式的探討，一方面爬梳制度沿革，同時說明「忠義（忠烈）人物」文本群體形成、發展的脈絡；一方面則以「忠義人物」書寫的內涵與精神轉變，佐證昭忠祠祀典制度內、外在之變遷。昭忠祠祀典制度、暴力書寫日益興盛的發展態勢，及其與政治、社會、文化、心理之間的互動，揭示昭忠祠祀典在清代後期諸多方面曾有一定的位置與影響。基於這樣的認識，筆者進而以祀典與文本中蘊含的「死亡」、「暴力」的成分，探討暴力文化在其中的生成、發展與傳播，藉以呈現晚清社會正日益蔓延的暴力心態之一端。

This article discusses the sacrifice rituals and ''register of sacrifices'' 祀典 of Zhaozhong ci 昭忠祠 (Manifest or Illuminating Loyalty Shrines) in the Qing dynasty by adopting a dual approach, namely investigating its system and texts. In one respect, this article clarifies the evolution of the system as well as explaining the context regarding the formation and development of a textual group of ''loyal figures'' 忠義（忠烈）人物; and in another, it proves the ceremonial system of Zhaozhong ci underwent internal and external changes by describing the connotations and spiritual transformations of writings on loyal figures. The increasingly flourishing of the sacrifice ritual system of Zhaozhong ci and writings on violence as well as their interaction with politics, society, culture, and psychology reveal that the ritual and shrine maintained a certain position and influence in many aspects in the late Qing dynasty. Based on such understanding, the author further explores the generation, development, and spread of a culture of violence through the connotations of ''death'' and ''violence'' found within related texts, attempting to present an aspect of violent psychology that was increasingly pervasive throughout society of the late Qing dynasty.