新民主主義時期的蘇北土地改革及反思

The Land Reform in the area of Northern Qiang-su Province and its retrospection of The China New Democracy in 1950's

本論文引用《蘇北土地改革文獻》，研究解放以後短暫的新民主主義期間中的蘇北土地改革的實際過程以及所發生的問題，進而反思新民主主義時期無法持續下去與土改的關係。中共建政後，1950年下半年開始，即在全國（主要是新佔區）推展土地改革，至1952年底全面完成（除廣東省尚在進行）。土改使中國農村結構發生急遽變化，在千年以來的農村傳統中，原來地主與富農做為賦稅、生產、貸款、流通、教育、節慶、衛鄉、排解糾紛及賑災等等的角色與功能統統以「剝削」的罪名打倒（解放之初，富農階級暫時由《土地改革法》保護著，然在實際土改中仍受衝擊），農村中的權力被土地改革中的貧農、雇農與積極份子成立的農會以及共產黨農村組織所取代。全國完成土改以後，產生了數以億計龐大的小農群體，由於農地的零碎化、缺乏機械以及去除了地主富農的經營功能，農業生產方式有回復至依靠人力、畜力的原始化的現象。在這樣的農村結構下，發生了全國農村「中農化」的現象，也就是說政治與經濟上以中農階級為上線（至多富裕中農，再往上為富農階級，為資本主義警戒線）為主的「均貧」結構性問題。為了突破這個癥結，往左發展的組織起來集體化路線和往右發展的富農路線，成為黨內對於發展社會主義方向主張的分歧點。由於土改後生產力不足，並沒有達到原本「保護富農，促進生產」的目標，使得新民主主義失去了穩固發展的農業基礎，加上部分農村中發生自發資本主義性質的新富農的分化現象，黨內對於富農路線爭議日益浮上檯面。土改完成後次年，毛澤東即提出過渡時期總路線，開始逐步推動農業集體化，實質上，新民主主義社會發展逐漸停止。對於新民主主義過早結束的原因，改革開放以後，大陸學術界有許多的研究與討論，多數集中在富農經濟問題上劉少奇和毛澤東之間的觀點分歧，以及中共意識形態上急於求成往蘇聯經濟體制過渡，這幾點看法，毋庸置疑，是正確的。然而，筆者認為，中共的土地改革政策以及施行的過程與結果，亦是造成新民主主義難以為繼的重要原因之一。

This paper quotes the ''Northern Qiang-su Land Reform Documents'' to study the actual process and problems of the northern Qiang-su land reform after Chinese Communist Party founded New China in 1949. Also, the author of this paper tries to explore the effects of the land reform reflected on the New Democracy's unsustainable result. The land reform for new librated areas began in the second half of 1950 and completed by the end of 1952 (except Guangdong Province). The rural structure of China has undergone a drastic change. In the land reform, the political power in the countryside was organized by the CCP to include poor farmers. After the completion of the land reform across the country, hundreds of millions of small-scale farmers had emerged. Under such a rural structure, the flattening of production relations and the fragmentation of agricultural land to pieces, agricultural productivity was difficult to grow significantly. The ''Middle-class Peasant Agriculturalization'' phenomenon and the structural problem of ''Equal Poverty'' gradually emerged. In addition, the spontaneous capitalist nature of the differentiation of new rich farmers occurred in some rural areas. To break through this crux, the assembling of the labors towards the collective line and let-go of the rich peasant economy toward the right line had become divergent points in the CCP on the development of socialism. Controversy over the rich peasants' route had gradually surfaced. The following year after the completion of the land reform, Mao Zedong proposed the General Route for the transition period to transform to socialistic society. Thus the New Democracy lost its solid foundation. For the study for the premature end of the New Democracy, after the reform and opening up in 1980's, there was many researches and discussions in the China academic circles. Most of them focused on the divergence of views between Liu Shaoqi and Mao Zedong on the issue of rich peasant economics, and the ideology of the Communist Party was anxious to achieve the Soviet Union socialistic pattern. However, the paper argues that the CCP's land reform policy, the process and result of its implementation nationwide are also one of the important reasons that made the new democracy unsustainable.