再論金朝中葉猛安謀克戶的貧困化──以世宗、章宗朝為主

Rethinking the Poverty of Meng-an mou-ke People during the Middle Period of Jin Dynasty: Shi Zong and Zhang Zong Period as Examples

金朝女真人的貧困化問題在世宗時期逐漸嚴重，目前針對猛安謀克戶貧困化已有諸多論述，本文希望能在傳統視角外，從文化轉譯和歷史移情的角度對此問題深入討論，並在細節上加以補充。在經過對地理、經濟、家庭與國家等方面的分析，認為猛安謀克戶貧困化問題的原因主要有三：第一，女真多元生產方式受到不同程度的破壞，華北地區猛安謀克戶受到自然環境和人口的限制，僅存有粗耕農業，無法滿足其在漢地的生活。邊境的猛安謀克戶則受到叛亂影響，畜牧業也難以為繼。第二，過去女真人分居共勞的傳統逐漸消失，轉而趨向漢人的分居異財，不再相聚共勞，各家形單影隻，在與漢人家庭的競爭中難免處於劣勢，遂致女真家庭的貧窮化。第三，政府一系列不符合實際的挽救措施加劇了其貧困化的程度。

The problem of the poverty of Meng-an mou-ke People became serious during the period of Emperor Shizong of Jin. I attempt to rethink this issue from the perspective of cultural translation and historical empathy. In terms of the factors of geography, economy, family and nation, there are three main reasons for the problem of impoverishment in the case of Meng-an mou-ke people. The first is that the ways of Jurchen's multiple production were changed greatly. The North China region is violently affected by the natural environment and population. Agriculture could not satisfy its life cost in North China. The Meng-an mou-ke people settled at the border were affected by the rebellion, and the animal husbandry industry was difficult to maintain. Second, the tradition that they separated but still live together of Jurchens in the past had gradually disappeared, and it had turned to the mode of Chinese(Han). They separated and no longer gather together after getting inheritance. Each family had their own shadow. In the competition with the Chinese family, it is inevitably at a disadvantage, which leads to the impoverishment of the Jurchen family. Third, the government's series of unrealistic rescue measures exacerbated the impoverishment of Meng-an mou-ke people. In the End, there have been many discussions on the problem of the poverty of Meng-an mou-ke People, and I hope this article can supple some details.