組織犯罪的國際分布、漫延與防制

The International Distribution, Spread, and Control of Organized Crime

本文目的，在於透過網絡觀點探討組織犯罪的跨國漫延。組織犯罪跨國 漫延的主要特徵，就是犯罪者在進行非法牟利的過程中，把部分活動延伸至 不同國家。歐洲的快樂丸交易網絡即一典型實例，其中涉及荷蘭的製造者， 他們從德國及中國大陸取得先驅化學物質，在荷蘭及比利時製成藥丸，再把 成品出口至澳洲，最後在維京群島進行洗錢。與傳統街頭犯罪相比，此種 跨國違法活動較複雜，通常需藉由個人和團體的協調運作才能順利完成。涉 案的個人和團體，可能分布於全世界，也可能就在附近的鄰國。有關組織犯 罪的網絡觀點，出現於 1990 年代，該觀點認為大多數的組織犯罪集團其結 構是鬆散的，成員經常更換，而不是結構緊密、層級節制鮮明的組織。換言 之，可把組織犯罪跨國漫延的現象，視為分布在不同國家、相互間存有犯罪 關係之犯罪人的結合體。本文首先討論組織犯罪的網絡觀點以及組織犯罪的 類型，其次說明移動與組織犯罪之間的關係。繼而運用包含多元社會指標的 「複合性組織犯罪指標」，針對全球不同地區的組織犯罪現象進行觀察，根據不同國家的指標值，分析個別國家政府治理效能對於該國組織犯罪的影響。綜合前述分析結果，闡述跨國犯罪網絡的概念，批判性地檢驗決策人士經常抱持的看法，即源自某國的犯罪組織，因全球化而促其犯罪活動擴展至全世界。最後，以跨國組織犯罪腳本分析及情境犯罪預防的思維，做為本文的結論。

This article, through the network perspective, discusses transnational spread phenomenon of organized crime. A characteristic of transnational crime networks is that they complete parts of the criminal activity processes in different countries. In the case of ecstasy, for example, the network may involve Dutch manufacturers who obtain precursor chemicals from Germany and China, produce the drugs in the Netherlands and Belgium, export the pills to Australia, and launder the money in the Virgin Islands. Transnational illegal businesses require coordinated operations by individuals and groups, sometimes from all over the world, sometimes just from neighboring countries. The network perspective on organized crime appeared in the 1990s. It argues that most organized crime groups are loosely organized with shifting members instead of the well-organized and hierarchically structured organizations. Accordingly, transnational crime networks can be viewed as collectives of criminals based in different countries who maintain criminal relations. This article will first discuss the concept of network perspective and reveal categories of criminal networks. The relationship between mobility and organized crime will also be explored. An overview of the extent of organized crime in different parts of the world is given, using a composite index of social indicators of organized crime activities. This article will also use country scores on this index for a quantitative analysis of the impact of government controls on the extent of organized crime in individual countries. Next, it elaborates on the concept of transnational crime networks. This paper will critically examine the popular notion of policymakers that globalization processes allow criminal groups originating from individual countries to expand their criminal activities across the world. In the final section,the thought of crime script analysis and situational crime prevention are described in the conclusion.