非營利組織商業化到社會企業化：身心障礙者就業模式的轉化

NPO Commercialization into Social Enterprise : The Transformation of the Disabled Employment Patterns

以非營利組織商業化促進身心障礙者就業機會，常伴隨使命漂移或弱勢者需求被忽視等問題，致使營運過程屢遭困境，因而引發非營利組織社會企業化浮現，其中尤以身心障礙者就業為導向之非營利組織，為我國社會企業發展之主軸。然而，在非營利組織社會企業化過程中，亦不免面臨諸多挑戰，探究問題關鍵，乃社會企業化勢必牽涉組織目標與經營管理變革，而政策法制不足，更增添社會企業化難度。有鑒於非營利組織社會企業化挑戰重重，又國內外文獻相對薄弱，爰引發本文之研究旨趣。是以，本文旨在探討非營利組織社會企業化對身心障礙就業模式之轉化。為達成研究目的，本文採取深度訪談方式，以台灣東部某身心障礙機構為研究對象，從組織目標、經營管理與政策法制層面，探討非營利組織社會企業化相關議題，以理清身心障礙模式的轉化過程。研究結果發現：(1)非營利組織商業化到社會企業化過程，在組織目標面呈現修正與擴大方向；(2)在經營管理面，缺乏引入資源能力，依賴政策資源甚深，且可能面臨治理斷層危機；(3)在政策法制面，政策缺乏統整性，又現行制度可能成為社會企業限制。最後依據研究結果，分別提出三項建議，在組織目標方面，應建立創新產業模式；經營管理方面，宜思考引入公益創投；在政策法制面，宜建立人才培育系統，並設立行政院層級主管機關。

Since many non-profit organizations began to commercialize to promote the employment opportunities for people with disabilities, they paid more attention on commercial market and seek to meet the needs of their members or clients. However, commercialization may lead non-profit organizations to shift away from the mission and goals, and focus on market instead of community needs. In order to solve the problems above, many non-profit organizations beg into develop into social enterprises.But the still have lots of challenges. The key reason is that non-profit organizations have to change their goals and governance structure when developing into social enterprises.This article aims at transformation of the disabled employment patterns, includes organization goals, management, and the appropriate policy since there are still few studies about the challenges.The data was collected via in-depth interviews with a non-profit organization for disabled people in Eastern Taiwan. The result shows : (1) Non-profit organization's goals were modified and expanded when developing into a social enterprise; (2) The challenges to the management in non-profit organization were lack of the ability to access resources, and may meet the crises of the board continuity;(3) The challenges in policy was lack of integration, may limit the development of social enterprises. At the end this study came up with some recommendations.