Structural Change in Disaster Response Networks: Indonesia and the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami

災害應變網絡的結構變遷：以印尼2004年南亞海嘯應變體系為例

This research aims to investigate whether disaster response systems have the foundations needed to self-organize and overcome the uncertainties present in post-disaster environments. Drawing upon contributions from the resilience, network governance, and complex adaptive systems literature, this article presents the findings of an investigation into the disaster response system that operated in Indonesia after the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami. Network data, comprised of organizational actors and their interactions, were collected from newspaper articles and situation reports published between 26 December 2004 and 17 January 2005. These data were transformed into a series of twenty-two relational matrices and processed with network analysis software. Three network measures, namely, density, diameter and components, were computed and plotted by date to evaluate the development and structural evolution of the tsunami response system. The findings indicate that the disaster response system experienced structural change. While additional research is needed to validate these findings, future research should explore the mechanisms that drive self-organization in post-disaster environments, as well as the steps policy-makers can take to design and promote self-organizing disaster response systems.

本文以印尼2004年南亞海嘯災害應變體系為研究對象，檢證該應變體系面對重大災害後的自我組織能力。作者以災害韌性、網絡治理，以及複雜適應系統等理論為基礎，運用2004/12/26至2005/1/17期間所發布的新聞報導與災情報告等檔案資料為內容分析素材，建構災害應變組織網絡結構資料庫，分析印尼災害應變體系的組織網絡結構動態。作者採用社會網絡分析常用之結構衡量指標：密度、平均最短路徑、與子群體數量，依據時間序列描繪在災害發生後三週之間，印尼災害應變體系每日的組織網絡結構。研究結果顯示該災害應變體系確實發生網絡結構變遷，建議未來研究可進一步探究災害應變體系自我組織的機制，並探討促進災害應變體系自我組織的策略。