清代松花江下游的賑濟與奏銷――以乾隆十九年災害為中心

The Flood Season in the Lower Reaches of the Sunggari Ula and its Government's Expenditure Registers Policy in the Qing Dynasty: Focusing on the Disaster in 1754

清代東北各地衙署主要設立在黑龍江、松花江、嫩江、琿春河、呼爾哈河等流域一帶，這些地區不僅水陸交通便利，而且土地平坦肥沃，有利於農耕開發。汛期的特點是帶來豐富的水資源，但也容易引發洪澇災害，特別是松花江由數十條支流匯集而成，每逢汛期，各支流水量大增，集中匯流到主幹河流上。隨著江河水流量的增大，為駐紮在江河兩岸各衙署帶來水災威脅，特別是對農作物帶來毀滅性的打擊。這一地區耕種的農作物主要分夏收和秋收作物，選擇耕種的土地有窪地及高阜之地，一旦發生水災，受損情況截然不同。儘管面臨水災的威脅，中央政府制定的賑濟和奏銷政策，隨時可以因應突發事件。

In the Qing Dynasty, the government offices in Northeast China were mainly set up in the river basins of the Sahaliyan Ula, Sunggari Ula, Non i Ula, Huncun Bira and Hūrha Bira. These areas not only had convenient land and water transportation, but also had flat, fertile land, which was conducive to agricultural development. The feature of the flood season was that although it brought abundant water resources, it tended to cause flood disasters. In particular, the Sunggari Ula was formed by the confluence of dozens of tributaries. In every flood season, the water volume of each tributary increased and converged on the main river. Such increases of river discharge posed flood threats to the government offices stationed along both sides of the river, and devastating blows to the crops. The crops cultivated in this area were mainly divided into summer early harvest and autumn harvest crops, and the land selected for cultivation had depressions and high mountains, so every time the floods came, the damage situations were completely different. However, the relief and expenditure registers policies formulated by the central government were effective for coping with emergencies at any time.