從經濟社會及文化權利國際公約之水資源保障談中科四期開發計畫之爭議

Study on Debates regarding Phase II of the Central Taiwan Science Park Development Project from the Perspective of ICESCR Protections of the Human Right to Water

由於水資源伴隨氣候變遷所不斷加深的稀缺性、合理的近用權與分配公平性在世界各國不斷引發的爭議，聯合國經濟及社會委員會《第十五號一般性意見》清楚強調了「用水人權」及藉以保障其他權利實現之重要性，包括生存權、健康權及適足生活權等。同時，2009年3月我國立法院通過《社會經濟及文化權利國際公約》，則涵蓋了上述用水人權的基本保障問題。2008年8月，國科會選定「中科四期二林園區開發案」衍生了高科技放流水汙染、工業借調農業用水及環評結論不合法等問題，並引發當地民眾與社會各方之關注。由於本案攸關用水人權及水資源相關權利保障，因此，本文藉由《第十五號一般性意見》關於用水人權之概念意涵及相關衍生之國家義務，探討氣候變遷正義及水資源相關權利概念，並檢視中科四期開發案中民眾水資源事務參與之程序、化學品使用及排放管制，以及農工業用水分配正當性等問題。我們以較為宏觀之人權研究取徑及方式，對政府各部門用水借調、工業廢水排放管制之法令，提出相應之檢討意見，並指出我國政府日後在審查與核可重大開發案涉及水資源相關權利爭議，應依循國際人權準則進行。同時，也應依此確立因應氣候變遷衝擊下永續生活與水資源運用政策。

The effect of climate change on the scarcity, reasonable accessibility and distributional fairness of water has provoked debates around the world, General Comment No. 15 announced by the U.N. Economic and Social Commission in 2002 explicitly emphasized the importance of "the human right to water" and its relation to protecting other human rights such as the rights to life, health and an adequate living standard. At the same time, Taiwan's Legislative Yuan passed the International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which includes the basic protection of the human right to water.In August 2008, the National Science Council chose the site for the Phase II Taiwan Science Park Development Project Phase II. The project created controversy over issues of polluted water discharge, water allocation between agricultural and industrial utilization, and procedural injustice in the environmental impact assessment process. These controversies drew attention to the issue of water rights both locally and throughout Taiwanese society. This study applies the definition of the human right to water embodied in General Comment No.15 and the obligations of nation states implied by that definition to discuss the justice of climate change and the concept of water resources. The paper examines procedures for public participation in water resource management, regulations on chemical use and discharge, and the legitimacy of water allocation between agriculture and industry.Applying a broad human rights research approach, this study makes recommendations to relevant authorities regarding water allocation and regulations on industrially polluted water discharge. It points out that Taiwan's government should follow the international human right conventions regarding verification and approval of major development projects involving water resource rights in the future. In response to the effects of climate change, the government should concurrently follow these conventions to establish policies for sustainable living and water resource utilization.