漢魏六朝詠酒辭賦之研究－－以曹植、王粲、張載及鄒陽之作為範圍

A Study on Odes to Wine in Han, Wei and Six Dynasties: Focus on the Works of Cao Zhi, Wang Can, Zhang Zai and Zou Yang

本文以曹植〈酒賦〉、王粲〈酒賦〉、晉代張載〈酃酒賦〉及六朝人託名鄒陽所作〈酒賦〉共四篇，探析漢魏六朝詠酒辭賦的書寫特色及文化意涵。發現賦家多於開篇時禮讚酒的偉大，進一步說，其神聖特質展現於三項：一，酒能裨助政治、禮儀的完滿，且使眾人情誼融洽。二，酒以植物製作而成，內涵如同植物一般的生命力量，且為宇宙秩序象徵。三，酒能令人忘憂並泯除對立，回歸具道家色彩的自然生命境界。但賦家也不掩飾酒可能致人災禍的負面影響，故篇末又常見不可酗酒的勸諭。如此書寫面向，實也吻合歷來世人對於「儀狄造酒」傳說，截然兩種不同的評述，既視之為文明寶物，但又恐其為糖衣毒藥。正因具如此矛盾性質，故自先秦《禮記．樂記》以降迄於魏晉，對於酒的看法大抵有兩大要點，其一，認為酒與食合一不分，兩者同具養生療疾之功。其二，酒、食以外，還須與禮結合，而禮的意義即在於約束節制，才能保證酒食之事的美好，不致釀成災難。因此，回到辭賦書寫來說，詠酒賦篇裡，也常可見快樂歡欣的宴會場合的描繪，但見眾人熱鬧歡聚、共享美酒佳餚，卻能始終謹守禮度，毫無逾矩情事發生。此一內涵禮教精神的宴會畫面，可說即是〈樂記〉以來，人們對於酒之觀念的具體展現。

Based on the Cifu works of Cao Zhi, Wang Can, Zhang Zai and Zou Yang, this paper studies the writing characteristics and cultural implications of odes to wine (Jiu Fu) in Han, Wei and Six dynasties. It is found that these writers praised the greatness of wine at the beginning of their works. First of all, they praised wine for its political, ceremonial and social benefits. In addition, they believed that wine had plant-like vitality and was therefore a symbol of cosmic order. They also praised wine as a way to forget worries. However, these writers also believed that alcohol had a negative effect so that they ended their works by warning people not to drink too much. From the pre-Qin to the Wei and Jin dynasties, people had two main views on wine: one was that wine had the same health effect as food. Secondly, drinking and eating must be regulated by etiquette to avoid negative effects. It can be seen that those who drank wine described in these works never violated courtesy. This shows that from the pre-Qin to the Wei and Jin dynasties, literati's concept of wine was combined with the ethical spirit.