何焯評點學與八股文之關係

Relationship between Literary Criticism Theories and Eight-legged Essay from he zhuo

評點學起源早於八股文，但是到了明清時期，兩者往往合流，互相交融，甚至轉變二者混為一物之談，實為學界一大誤解。本論文取材清初評點大家何義門《義門讀書記》一書的評點為例，討論八股文與評點學的諸多面向，發現八股文之作法已深深禁錮讀書人之思想靈性，八股文之評點教導，太過於形式化與簡略化。八股文非「文章性情」之作，八股文之評點當然也不是正確的程文法式。然而評點學既然被看作與八股文評點混淆同類，當然不被認同於正統的古代文論，這是評點學長久以來被誤解的根本原因。關於這一點對評點學的誤解，直正的辯解之道，只有經由實際的作法分析，觀察八股文的寫作方法與評點學有何異同之處？分析評點學所根據的古代文論基礎、評價標準與方法術語之實際運作，對照八股文的評點方法，始可撥雲見霧，探得評點學的真貌。

Literary criticism theories rose earlier than eight-legged essay did. However, in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, they usually converged and were mutually integrated or even transformed into one concept, which was actually a huge misunderstanding in academia. This study took the literary criticisms in the book “Yimen Dushuji” by a well-known literary critic, I-Men Ho, in the early Qing Dynasty for example to investigate multiple dimensions of eight-legged essay and literary criticism theories. This study found that the writing methods of eight -legged essay had rooted in the thoughts and spirituality of literati, and the criticisms and instructions of eight - legged essay were too formal and simplified. Eight -legged essays are not writings of “literary works,” and the criticisms of eight -legged essays certainly were not correct literary theories, either. However, since literary criticism theories and literary criticisms of eight-legged essay were confused as one concept, they certainly were not recognized as orthodox ancient literary theories, which is the fundamental reason why literary criticism theories have been misunderstood for a long period of time. The true solution to the misunderstanding about literary criticism theories is to actually analyze the writing methods and observe the differences and similariti es between writing methods of eight-legged essay and literary criticism theories, as well as to analyze the ancient literary theories on which literary criticism theories were based, evaluation criteria, and actual operation of methodology and terminology and compare them with the criticism methods of eight -legged essay. In this way, the true appearance of literary criticism theories can be uncovered.