魯迅早期論文中的情感與理性

Affect and Reason in Lu Xun's Early Essays

情感與理性之辯證自西方進入東洋乃至晚清中國，在科學革命與啟蒙∕反啟蒙運動思潮的刺激之下，中國知識分子如梁啟超、蔡元培等人在1910年代率先接觸人生觀論述，其後在1923年科玄論戰期間則出現五四「唯情論」。魯迅在論爭中看似保持沉默，卻在〈祝福〉（1924）情節中展示其深邃反思，1927年更出版結集大部分早期論文的文集《墳》，既作「埋藏」又是「留戀」，是一種曖昧的回應。本文認為，魯迅早於1907至1908年間便於5篇長論文中表達自己對於情感與理性之辯證的思考。本文旨在討論魯迅在早期論文中對情感與理性之辯證的接受與轉化，並藉以開拓跨文化脈絡下中國知識分子建立主體及重構知識的方式。本文從〈人之歷史〉談起，追溯德國科學家海克爾推崇理性、反對迷信的觀念如何進入魯迅視野，接著分析〈科學史教篇〉、〈文化偏至論〉中魯迅對科學與理性的批判立場，展示其論述如何自情理調和的「完人」狀態推向非理性一端的唯意志論。最後追溯〈摩羅詩力説〉、〈破惡聲論〉中「神思」、「心聲」等概念的詞彙選用、構成及文化語境，從而探討魯迅如何挪用中國傳統資源來回應西方。本文聚焦於魯迅對人與外緣、情感與主體等關係的鋪陳，從而闡述其現代詩學與知識觀。

The dialectic between affect and reason is a cross-cultural issue which originated in the West and subsequently migrated to Japan and late Qing China. Inspired by the Scientific Revolution and Western Enlightenment/ counter-Enlightenment, Chinese intellectuals such as Liang Qichao 梁啟超 (1873-1929) and Cai Yuanpei 蔡元培 (1868-1940) had acquired knowledge concerning lebensanschauung (view on life) during the 1910s. Affectionism hence arose in the debates over science and metaphysics in 1923. Lu Xun 魯迅 (1881-1936) was apparently silent during these debates, but his work of fiction 'Blessing' 祝福 (1924) shows a profound reflection on the issue. His early essays, republished in The Grave 墳 (1927), also shed light on his ruminations. This paper argues that Lu Xun had explored the dialectic between affect and reason in these essays written from 1907 to 1908. Through a thorough discussion of the adaptation of and the response to the above dialectic, this paper seeks to examine how Lu Xun responded to the cultural trends and constructed his own epistemological view by absorbing various cultural resources. Using Lu Xun as a point of departure, this paper explores the way Chinese intellectuals constructed their subjectivity and rebuilt systems of knowledge in a cross-cultural context. The first part of this article focuses its analysis on 'The History of Man' 人之歷史 and traces how rationalism, advocated by German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919), had attracted Lu Xun. The second part discusses Lu Xun's critical views on science and reason in his essays 'Lessons from the History of Science' 科學史教篇 and 'On the Extremes of Culture' 文化偏至論, so as to demonstrate how Lu Xun's discourse evolved from viewing affect and reason as a complementary pair to a full embrace of voluntarism. The third section scrutinizes how the concepts of 'shensi' 神思 (imagination) and 'xinsheng' 心聲 (voice of the mind), which Lu Xun promoted in 'A Discourse on the Power of Mara Poetry' 摩羅詩力説 and 'On Breaking Through the Voices of Evil' 破惡聲論 emerged in their historical contexts. By investigating the choice of words, the process of conceptual construction, and their related cultural contexts, this section re-examines how Lu Xun responded to Western culture by utilizing traditional Chinese resources. From highlighting Lu Xun's view on the relationships of man and the external world as well as affect and subject, this paper explores his modern poetics and epistemological outlook.