玄義之葬──論魏晉《莊》學中「速朽歸真」之流衍

From “Thrifty burial” to “Shyuan-burial”: The Development of the concept “decaying and returning to the innocence in a corpse” in Wei-Jin Dynasties’ Zhuangzi study

厚葬為歷代皇室貴族風尚，然時至魏晉，卻逆兩漢之俗，反倡薄葬。歷來學界論薄葬，多重其外緣因素，無法扣緊魏晉玄理與玄風，魏晉薄葬之生命意識遂無法彰顯。筆者以「真」為線索切入，溯源莊子之歸真觀，並往下開展，一路追蹤，抉發楊王孫、沐並、皇甫謐等人何以一反時風，葬之以薄，進而釐清薄葬分為二脈，一者以真為歸，一者以利為求，兩者不可混雜。並考察此「速朽歸真」之義，如何與魏晉玄風迴環疊沓。透過文本考察，筆者發現竹林七賢因個體自覺意識張揚，故以土木形骸姿態自晦其身，追求生命之質變而逍遙於玄境。「真」之義理為莊子思想體系中相當重要之一環，故考察其「真」在魏晉之流衍，應讓吾人對魏晉莊學之研究有所裨益。

Lavish funerals were a fashion between the nobility and royalty in the ancient China. While during the Wei-Jin Dynasties, the manners of funerals were simplified. Scholars who were studying on the culture of natural burial in the previous, focused the historical and external factors, which could not relate to the metaphysical idea and vogue in the Wei-Jin Dynasties. Thus, the life awareness of natural burial in Wei-Jin Dynasties was unable to be highlighted. This article first focuses on Zhuangzi’s viewpoint of returning to the innocence by explaining the concept of innocence. Then, this article traces and explains the natural burials of Yang Wang-Sun, Mu-Bing and Huangpu Mi and clarifies the differences between two custom of natural burials which is with innocence as principal(以真為歸) and the other one is with resources as the consideration(以利為求), which are often confused in the previous studies. This article further examine the meaning of returning to the innocence and its relationship with the metaphysical vogue. Through the correspondent articles wrote by Wei-Jin scholars, this paper finds the self-consciousness of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove. They acted dispiritedly with the disheveled appearance and sought the life metamorphosis, then to achieve the goal of being free and unfettered in the metaphysical realm. The Meaning Elaboration of innocence is the vital part of Zhuangzi’s ideological system, thus, this paper examines such transformation in Wei-Jin period so as to be a contribution in the study of Zhuangzi in Wei-Jin period.