論朝鮮清心丸的流行與清代遼東社會

Liaodong Society and the Popularity of Cheongsimwon during the Qing Dynasty

本文旨在探討朝鮮藥品「清心丸」何以風行清代遼東社會。清心丸內分若干品級，「上品」係由朝鮮官方調製的臘藥，朝鮮的國王、將軍、百姓都曾服用，亦是朝鮮燕行使的隨身物品，廣受清朝官員、百姓的喜愛。本文從社會史的角度，考察清心丸在朝鮮國內的意義、朝鮮使節團的醫療編組、以及清代遼東社會的需求。透過朝鮮人的記述，本文將重建清代遼東社會的部分實況，並從在地需求的角度理解清心丸在遼東社會的流行。本文第一部分首先指出朝鮮王朝的官員、百姓將清心丸視為療效奇佳的藥品，並梳理了不同階層索求清心丸的景況。其次，分析負責製作清心丸的官方單位，以及調劑清心丸的素材來源，呈現其珍貴性。第二部分則聚焦於朝鮮燕行使的醫療資源，分析不同層級的醫療人員在使節團扮演的角色，並檢視他們在「唐藥」貿易中的角色。第三部分則從遼東地方社會的角度，討論清心丸對於貢道沿途居民的意義。

This article explores why Cheongsimwon (清心丸), a medicinal product used in Chosŏn medicine, became such a hit in Liaodong society during the Qing dynasty. The highest grade of Cheongsimwon, which came in the form of a pill and was prepared by the Chosŏn government during the twelfth month of the lunar calendar, was extremely popular with the aristocracy and commoners alike. Chosŏn diplomatic envoys took it with them during their visits to Beijing, where it was well received by Qing officials and commoners. Using a social history perspective, this article investigates the significance of Cheongsimwon in Chosŏn society, the medical unit of the Chosŏn diplomatic envoys, and the demand in Liaodong society for Cheongsimwon during the Qing Dynasty. Based on Chosŏn accounts, this article reconstructs a part of the reality of Liaodong society in the Qing Dynasty, and tries to explain why there was such a need in Liaodong for Cheongsimwon during this time. In the first part of the article, after pointing out that both commoners and officials of the Chosŏn Dynasty regarded Cheongsimwon as a medicine with excellent curative powers, I investigate the demand for the medicine among the different classes of society. I then describe the governmental departments responsible for the production of Cheongsimwon, as well as the materials that went into the making of a Cheongsimwon pill. The second section focuses on the medical resources of the Chosŏn diplomatic envoys, the role played by different levels of medical personnel on the missions, and the envoys' purchases of Chinese herbal medicine (táng yào 唐藥). The third part is a diachronic reflection on the significance and value of Cheongsimwon to residents along the tributary route from the perspective of the local society in Liaodong.