白內障完整評估治療與照護趨勢

Comprehensive Assessment and Treatment of Cataracts

白內障，一個可能導致眼盲的全球性疾病，由於疾病過程進展緩慢，使得患者常誤以為視力模糊，僅是過度疲勞或睡眠不足而延誤就醫，也增加了診斷白內障後手術的困難度。有些高齡者則誤以為視力下降，本是老化的一部分而被動接受，減退的視力卻對其生活品質有重大的負面影響。老化雖是白內障的主因之一，但常見的慢性疾病，或藥物副作用亦是產生白內障的推手；此外，個人生活型態，如飲食、活動量及環境，如紫外線、輻射皆可促成白內障的發生。手術是目前唯一治療白內障的方法，醫護人員不單只考慮病人的背景，也要能促進生活品質。術前的評估除了需要整體性、全面性的考量，術後的照護亦是重點，如點藥方法、觀察傷口及合併症的徵象皆為提供患者的必要訊息。有鑑於此，本文藉由文獻查證統整與白內障相關之評估重點、手術全期護理照護及預防策略，提供臨床醫護人員在白內障患者的全面性評估與照護之參考，希望進而提升白內障患者照護品質。

Cataract is a global disease that may cause blindness. Due to the slow pace of disease progression, patients often presume incorrectly that their blurred vision is caused by excessive fatigue or lack of sleep. In addition to their role in causing blindness, cataracts that are diagnosed late into their progression are more difficult to treat with corrective surgery. Furthermore, many older individuals believe incorrectly that declines in vision are part of the natural course of aging and accept these declines as inevitable. Reduced vision has a significant and negative effect on quality of life. Although aging is one of the main causes of cataracts, other major factors include common chronic diseases and the side effects of drugs. In addition, lifestyle factors such as diet, activity, and environmental exposure to ultraviolet rays and radiation are factors in cataract development. Surgery is the only treatment for cataracts currently available. Healthcare professionals not only consider a patient's background but also whether surgery may promote quality of life. While preoperative evaluation requires a holistic and comprehensive approach, postoperative care is also important to the overall success of cataract surgery. For example, instructions in topical-drop application, wound assessment, and symptoms of comorbidities are crucial for patients. Therefore, a critical literature review was used in this article to establish a strategy for the holistic evaluation of and perioperative nursing care and prevention strategies for cataracts. In addition, recommendations for the comprehensive assessment of and nursing care for patients with cataracts are provided to healthcare professionals article in hopes of improving the quality of care provided to patients with cataracts.