嬲嫐、愛情與早期共產革命文學──論〈三代之愛〉在蘇聯、日本與中國的跨文化實踐與文學實驗

Polyamory and Love in Early Communist Revolutionary Literature: The Literary Experiments and Transcultural Practices of Kollontai's ＂Love of Three Generations＂ in the Soviet Union, Japan and China

本文主要聚焦於柯倫泰的短篇小說〈三代之愛〉，並以此例說明早期共黨革命一種具備全球化與在地化性質的「戀愛加革命」文學典範與女性類型。論文的第一部份分析柯氏如何因個人所處之政治情勢，寄情創作並經由其寫作意圖、技巧、策略，將其政治理念與十九世紀俄羅斯文藝遺產結合，引導世界各國資產階級，甚至是俄國十月革命過後的無產階級，共同關注與重視女性問題。柯倫泰並以作家的身份向東亞與世界各國傳播她的性別政策，意欲建構起一個兩性對等、權力／利共享的勞動王國。然而，〈三代之愛〉依序進入日本和中國後，在原來文本中呈現的蘇聯新女性問題、新時代婦女具備的社會與政治意識，以及建構新性道德等議題內的各種矛盾和角力都顯得不再重要，從而反轉成為前衛的地下宣傳文學，幫助日本與中國共產黨吸收更多的年輕男女，在困難的政治絕境中獻身革命，並且對日本與中國二○年代末至三○年代的文壇和文學發展皆產生了重大影響。本文即針對此影響、跨文化實踐與文學實驗等層面展開中、日、俄三方的史料考證，以及政治、文學與性別等問題辯證。

This paper examines how “Love of Three Generations,” one of the best-known short stories by the Russian writer Alexandra Kollontai (1872-1952), was received in the Soviet Union, Japan, and China. The first part of the paper shows how Kollontai shifted her occupation from politician to writer after she met with heavy setbacks in both her political career and her marriage. As a result of these experiences, Kollontai was motivated to write on the theme of the new woman with a new sexual morality. Her writings on women's problems, which fused socialist ideals with the great nineteenth-century Russian literary tradition, intended to attract not only the falling bourgeoisie, but also the rising proletariat. She also made her gender policies known to East Asian countries, in an attempt to establish an ideal kingdom of labour marked by power sharing and gender equality. And yet, after “Love of Three Generations” was translated into Japanese and Chinese, its message underwent a profound change. Women's problems and the attempt to establish gender equality were no longer at the forefront. Instead, at a time when the Communist parties in both countries were on the verge of being eradicated by the authorities, the story was turned into underground literature designed to persuade more youth and women to take part in the communist revolution. The story had a profound influence on Japanese and Chinese intellectuals at the time, as can be seen in the works of specific individuals. The second part of the paper considers this influence and shows the transcultural practices inspired by Kollontai's writings in the Soviet Union, Japan, and China.