日治後期臺中州季節保育所的發展──以政策施行為主

Development of Seasonal Nurseries in Taichung Prefecture During the Latter Stage of Japanese Rule--With a Focus on the Implementation of Measures

本文主要以日治後期發展的臺中州季節保育所為例，從其發展過程、服務內容與戰爭體制下的變質三個面向，就歷史學的角度，探討農村社會事業的保育事業，以呈現其與殖民政策相關性。1920年代起，臺灣總督府與日本中央政府同步推動社會事業。不過，在農村地區的社會事業發展比都市受到更多限制。至1930年代官方才開始討論農村社會事業的必要性。季節保育所的前身是農忙托兒所，也是農村特有的社會事業，在臺灣則於昭和7年（1932）以後開始發展。第一個以臺灣人為對象的農忙托兒所，是設立於昭和7年（1932）6月新竹州銅鑼庄（今苗栗縣銅鑼鄉），由當地地主開辦，其目的以保護農忙期幼兒及提高農民的勞動效率為主。其後，臺灣的農忙托兒所逐漸普及各地。尤其，在臺中州以臺灣社會事業協議會臺中州支部為中心推動設置農忙托兒所，並且昭和10年（1935）以後，在臺中州將農忙托兒所稱為季節保育所，各地部落振興會成為主要營運團體，做為農村幼兒公民化及農村家庭教化的單位推動開設，亦即將季節保育所視為進行農村部落社會教化的策略。進入到戰爭時期後，季節保育所則成為推動兒童皇民化的單位。

Using seasonal nurseries that developed in Taichung Prefecture during the latter stages of Japanese rule as the main example, this paper explores the three aspects of the process of their development, their business content, and changes to their nature under the framework of war. As a result, this paper comments on the nursery industry, which is a rural social service, from an academic perspective and sheds light on its correlation with colonial policy. In the 1920s, the Government-General of Taiwan and the Japanese Central Government cooperated to promote social services. However, the development of social services in rural areas had many restrictions compared to urban areas. At the start of the 1930s, the authorities finally began to discuss the necessity of developing rural social services. The predecessor to seasonal nurseries were called agricultural day-care centers. As a form of social service unique to rural areas, they began to be developed in 1932 in Taiwan. The first agricultural day-care center, which was for Taiwanese people, was built in June 1932 in Hsinchu Prefecture (presently Miaoli County). It was established by a local landowner with the main purposes of caring for infants during the busy farming season in Taiwan and improving the labor efficiency of farmers. Since then agricultural day-care centers gradually spread throughout Taiwan. The Taichung Prefecture branch of the Taiwan Social Service Council took command and placed an emphasis on promoting the establishment of agricultural day-care centers in Taichung Prefecture. Additionally, agricultural day-care centers came to be known as seasonal nurseries in Taichu Prefecture in 1935, and the promotional associations in each region became the main operating bodies. Organizations with the purpose of making rural childcare public and promoting home education in rural areas began to promote the opening of these nurseries, and seasonal nurseries came to be seen as a policy for social education in rural areas. Once the war began, seasonal nurseries turned into organizations that promote the imperialization of children.