從政府治理到轉型研究及風險治理：來自系統、科技與頑強問題的新刺激

From Government and Governance Studies to Transition Research and Risk Governance: Critical Impacts from New Concepts of Systemic Transformation, Technological Changes and Persistent Problems

從1980年代開始，治理研究的學術領域逐漸興起，它企圖透過多元行動者加入政策網絡，並讓層級節制為主的權威關係改為彈性分權等方法，來取代傳統政府做為唯一且權威的公共政策規劃、執行及評估等之模式。然而，1990年代後的諸多議題如氣候變遷及金融危機等，可說是頑強到使跨國或單一民族國家的政府們治絲益棼。雖然治理研究的成果及時加入協助因應，但卻力有未逮。因此，約自2000年起，若干歐洲國家及歐盟的研究機構及公私部門等合作開發如何因應頑強問題的新治理模式。它們的成果大致可收攏在轉型研究及風險治理的兩個新領域，除接收了原有治理研究的成果外，也尋求相關跨領域學科如科技與社會、演化經濟學及複雜系統理論等的支援，而企圖發展出兼具理論及實務的創新治理途徑，希望城鎮、國家、國際機構等組織得轉型至以永續為目標的治理體制，來實質地克服頑強問題。本文亦分析該二新領域所受批評、相應策略及若干仍待未來探索的議題等。為免本文概念密集度過高，亦以臺灣燃油機車政體轉型來因應溫室氣體及汙染物排放的頑強問題為例，分析轉型研究途徑如何為邁向低碳社會提出宏觀觀察及政策建議。

As a new academic field of governance studies emerged mainly in the 1980s Europe, one of its key contributions attempted to invite important concepts of multi-participation and dynamic power relationship to improve the traditional model of how the government to plan, implement and evaluate public policies. However, several persistent problems, including climate change, global warming and financial crises etc., brought serious challenges to cities, national governments and international organizations. Mainly after 2000, a number of research institutes and polities in Europe such as the Dutch government and European Environmental Agency have worked with think tanks and universities to develop new governance approaches to deal with these persistent problems. They basically shaped two newly emerged academic disciplines of transition research and risk governance, which absorbed not only core ideas from governance studies but also other interdisciplinary fields such as science, technology and society studies, evolutionary economics and complex system theory etc. While both have earned substantial attention and application in policy practice, they also confront some serious critics and challenges. In addition to introduce the academic evolution from governance studies to transition research and risk governance, this research note analyzes of how they respond to the critics and what challenges they might need to deal with in the near future. Moreover, this note takes a potential transition example of motorbike-mobility to explain how to apply transition studies to local cases and makes some policy suggestions.