明末清初「女性禪師語錄」的出版與入藏──兼論《嘉興藏》的入藏問題

The Collection and Publishing of the Record of Female Zen Masters in the Ming-Qing Transitional Period

目前所知，完整的女性禪師語錄（有別於簡要的、傳記形態的記載），首見於明末大藏經──《嘉興藏》中。這代表女性禪師語錄在當時被出版發行，並被收納於《嘉興藏》（入藏），與佛典、男性禪師語錄並列同在。這些女性禪師都活動於明末清初時期，所以本文欲探討：是怎樣的時代文化促成這些女性禪師語錄能夠出版、入藏？首先，考察歷代、明末清初女性禪師的史料狀況。再綜合觀察史料得出：除了女性禪師個人的真修實悟之外，促成出版的時代文化現象有四點：一、傳統價值的鬆動、女性制約的鬆動。二、比丘尼、女禪師的宗教活動力強。三、女性書寫與出版的盛行。四、女性禪師承習「重整戒律」之風。五、傳承與語錄增盛的禪林現象。續而，考察明版《嘉興藏》的入藏情形：初期主事者密藏道開的入藏意見為何？被實現的情形？刻藏的過程、流通方式為何？形成何種入藏特質？並討論如何看待這些特質，認為：應該正視《嘉興藏》「展現當代佛學成果」之價值。再而推論女性禪師語錄是具有下列因素而得以入藏：一、語錄具有名望，符合教界公認價值。二、《嘉興藏》具有時代性、廣納度的入藏特質提供了空間。三、居處佛教中心──江南的便利。四、為女性禪師留下時代證據。在研究方法上，本文特別以女性的角度來解讀、詮釋文獻。企圖讓文獻回歸現象本身，而刻意忽視那些對現象的價值判斷。

The complete record of female Zen masters emerged in Jiaxing Canon (Jiaxing zang), which means it coexisted with the record of male Zen masters and the Buddhist Scripture at that time. This paper discusses the reasons that cause the collection and publishing of the record of female Zen masters in terms of historical documents. I tried to interpret the historical event from a female's point of view and let the documents present the phenomenon but not to use values to judge the phenomenon. According to my analytically survey, there are four cultural phenomena that triggered the publishing. First is the loose traditional values; the second is Bhiksunis were active at Ming-Qing Transitional Period; the third is the prevailing of women writing and publishing; the fourth is female Zen masters followed the trend of reorganizing the Precepts; the fifth is the increasing phenomenon Of Dharma transmission and Zen Record. Issues on Jiaxing Canon (Jiaxing zang) will also be touched in this study such as the editor's opinions (Mi-Cang-Dao-Kai); the process of publishing; the features of collection and so on. I inferred that the following are main reasons that cause the historical event: the Record is prestigious; Jiaxing Canon represents the sprit of that age; the location of publishing-Jiang-Nan-was the center of Bhuddism; leave historical evidence for the female Zen masters.