宗族化中的功德寺院：以福建陽村鳳林祠和蟬林祠為例

The Buddhist Gongde Temple in Lineage Invention: A Case Study of Two Gongde Temples at Yang Village in Fujian Province

明代中期前後，華南基層社會有一個大規模的宗族文化創造過程。令人困惑地是，這一宗族的創造為何發生在遠離中央政權的華南，又為何在明代中期前後大規模顯現？這後面是否有其特殊的地域背景和歷史淵源？本文主要通過福建陽村兩座唐宋功德寺院如何在南宋以後逐漸演變為宗祠的個案，嘗試理解南宋以後華南地方社會宗族化的過程。筆者以為，正是南宋以降在當時理學中心地區（閩、浙、贛等）發生的早期“宗族士大夫化”和“宗法倫理的庶民化”為明代中期華南大規模的“宗族庶民化”鋪墊了歷史基礎。所謂“宗族士大夫化”，是指在華南基層社會，“宗族”這一形式在南宋至明前期被一些鄉村士大夫首先接受和創造的過程。它先於明代中期以後比較普遍的宗族庶民化的創造。陽村功德寺院演變的事例，為我們提供了一個南宋以來宗族發生和村落國家化的難得個案，同時，它有助於理解南宋以後華南基層社會之建構，思考在南宋以降儒家漸興和佛教漸衰的表像下面，佛教和儒家是怎樣融合生長的；“國家”又是怎樣在其中扮演角色並被百姓再創造的。

The mid-Ming dynasty witnessed a wide range of cultural invention of lineage in southern China. One would wonder why there was a sudden process of lineage invention at that time? The present paper aims to analyze such a process through a case study of two Gongde temples at Yang Village in Fujian province. The two Gongde temples turned to ancestral halls after south Song dynasty. We believe that the 'scholar-bureaucrat invention of lineage' and the 'plebeian identity of lineage ethic' that took place from the south Song dynasty to early Ming in the center area of New-Confucianism (mainly including Fujian, Zhejiang and Jiangxi provinces) in southern China brought about the culture invention of lineage in the mid-Ming dynasty. The so-called 'scholar-bureaucrat invention 'of lineage' refers to a process of the acceptance and invention of 'lineage' by rural scholars in the root societies of southern China from south Song to early Ming. The change that the two Gongde temples at Yang Village had undergone provides us with: a valuable case through which we could interpret how lineage took place and villages were nationalized since south Song. It also helps us to understand the construction of the root-societies in southern China after south Song dynasty and enables us to consider: 1) how Buddhism and Confucianism could merge and co-develop when the former had seemingly a rise and the latter decadency since south Song; and 2) what role the state played and how it was reinvented.