百年來的語言學

The Centennial History of Linguistics in R.O.C

現代語言學是十九世紀歐洲學者根據文獻語言資料發展出來的一門新興學科，這門學問於二十世紀初才從歐美傳到中國來，而中國傳統上也有從事語言研究的聲韻、文字、訓詁，這兩種學術傳統也就融合在一起了。現代語言學在中國的開創，可說是從1928年成立中央研究院歷史語言研究所開始。可是在台灣，卻早在1896年日本學者小川尚義到台灣來，就陸續展開各種漢語和南島語的調查研究了。本文概略說明中華民國百年來語言學的發展和重要研究成果，就這幾大項來談：漢語音韻學史、漢語方言學、實驗語音學、漢語語法學、漢語語法史、漢藏語比較研究、少數民族語言、語言的關係、以及其他相關的研究，包括社會語言學、心理語言學、計算語言學、腦神經語言學、手語語言學、認知語言學等。只偏重新開創性或有突破性發展的研究領域。此外，本文也略述相關的學術機構、刊物、學者、學會等。文後並附有「大事記」，依年代先後列舉了國內百年來語言學發展相關的重要事項。

The topics covered in this paper include historical Chinese phonology, Chinese dialectology, experimental phonetics, Chinese syntax, historical Chinese syntax, Sino-Tibetan comparative studies, minority languages, language relations, and a few interdisciplinary studies: sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, computational linguistics, neurolinguistics, sign language, and cognitive linguistics. Major linguistic events are listed in chronological order in the Appendix. The different linguistic traditions in Taiwan and in China are explained in this paper: Modern linguistic studies in China did not begin until the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica was established in 1928. The leading Chinese linguists then were Yuan Ren Chao, Chang Pei Lo and Fang Kuei Li. While Chao initiated an intensive survey of Chinese dialects, Li was a pioneer in the study of minority languages in China. In addition to their own work, Chao and Li also trained some younger Chinese scholars to investigate the languages and dialects of China. When they left China permanently for the United States, the younger scholars were able to carry on linguistic studies in China. The linguistic study of the languages in Taiwan began in 1896 by the Japanese pioneer linguist, Naoyoshi Ogawa. That is to say, systematic linguistic studies in Taiwan began 32 years earlier than that in China. However, when the Nationalist Government of China moved to Taiwan in 1949, a few Chinese linguists, such as T'ung-ho Tung, came to work and teach in Taipei, and they trained some of their students to investigate the languages of Taiwan. Visiting Taiwan from time to time, Fang Kuei Li also trained some of his students in the United States and made arrangement for them to work on Chinese and Formosan languages. In other words, linguistics in Taiwan is a combination of Japanese and Chinese traditions.